Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, poses a major threat to global maize production. Reliance on synthetic pesticides has contributed to pest resistance and environmental degradation, underscoring the need for sustainable alternatives. In this study, ethanolic extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) and moringa (Moringa oleifera), together with maize-associated bacterial isolates, were evaluated for their biocontrol potential against fall armyworm. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis for bioextract identification revealed tissue-specific chemical diversity, identifying eight key phytochemicals, including octadecanoic acid, trimethyl fluorosilane, and hexadecanoic acid in neem, and trimethyl fluorosilane, ethyl oleate, ethyl (9Z,12Z), octadecanoic acid, and benzenedicarboxylic acid in moringa extracts. Eighty-nine bacterial isolates were screened for extracellular enzyme activities (cellulase, chitinase, glucanase, and protease) and siderophore production, among which four strains, DR-55 (Bacillus subtilis), HL-7 (Bacillus cereus), HL-37 (Bacillus cereus), and DR-63 (Enterobacter sp.), exhibited >50% biocontrol efficacy under greenhouse conditions. A strong correlation (r = 0.88) was observed between in vitro antagonistic activity and greenhouse performance, validating the screening approach. Fall armyworm mortality was the highest in larvae (up to 80%), moderate in pupae (15–17%), and the lowest in adults (6–7%), respectively. Overall, plant bio-extracts and maize-associated microbial isolates represent a promising, non-hazardous strategy for sustainable fall armyworm management while preserving maize plant health.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Neem extracts contained the reported key phytochemicals.
- Taxon
- neem
.jpg?width=60)
Azadirachta indicae0 - Organ / stage
- neeme0
- Outcome
- octadecanoic acid, trimethyl fluorosilane, and hexadecanoic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“identifying eight key phytochemicals, including octadecanoic acid, trimethyl fluorosilane, and hexadecanoic acid in neem”
Claim · model-written summary
Moringa extracts contained the listed phytochemicals.
- Outcome
- trimethyl fluorosilane, ethyl oleate, ethyl (9Z,12Z), octadecanoic acid, and benzenedicarboxylic acide0
MoringaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“trimethyl fluorosilane, ethyl oleate, ethyl (9Z,12Z), octadecanoic acid, and benzenedicarboxylic acid in moringa extracts”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis DR-55 exceeded 50% greenhouse biocontrol efficacy against fall armyworm.
- Taxon
- Spodoptera frugiperda
.jpg?width=60)
Spodoptera frugiperdat0 - Treatment
- DR-55 (Bacillus subtilis)e0
- Outcome
- biocontrol efficacye0
- Value
- >50%e0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“DR-55 (Bacillus subtilis), HL-7 (Bacillus cereus), HL-37 (Bacillus cereus), and DR-63 (Enterobacter sp.), exhibited >50% biocontrol efficacy under greenhouse conditions.”
t0“Spodoptera frugiperda”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus cereus HL-7 exceeded 50% greenhouse biocontrol efficacy.
- Taxon
- Spodoptera frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdat0
- Treatment
- HL-7 (Bacillus cereus)e0
- Outcome
- biocontrol efficacye0
- Value
- >50%e0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DR-55 (Bacillus subtilis), HL-7 (Bacillus cereus), HL-37 (Bacillus cereus), and DR-63 (Enterobacter sp.), exhibited >50% biocontrol efficacy under greenhouse conditions.”
t0“Spodoptera frugiperda”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus cereus HL-37 exceeded 50% greenhouse biocontrol efficacy.
- Taxon
- Spodoptera frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdat0
- Treatment
- HL-37 (Bacillus cereus)e0
- Outcome
- biocontrol efficacye0
- Value
- >50%e0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DR-55 (Bacillus subtilis), HL-7 (Bacillus cereus), HL-37 (Bacillus cereus), and DR-63 (Enterobacter sp.), exhibited >50% biocontrol efficacy under greenhouse conditions.”
t0“Spodoptera frugiperda”
Claim · model-written summary
Enterobacter DR-63 exceeded 50% greenhouse biocontrol efficacy.
- Taxon
- Spodoptera frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdat0
- Treatment
- DR-63 (Enterobacter sp.)e0
- Outcome
- biocontrol efficacye0
- Value
- >50%e0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DR-55 (Bacillus subtilis), HL-7 (Bacillus cereus), HL-37 (Bacillus cereus), and DR-63 (Enterobacter sp.), exhibited >50% biocontrol efficacy under greenhouse conditions.”
t0“Spodoptera frugiperda”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro antagonism correlated strongly with greenhouse performance.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“A strong correlation (r = 0.88) was observed between in vitro antagonistic activity and greenhouse performance, validating the screening approach.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall armyworm larval mortality reached 80%.
- Taxon
- Fall armywormSpodoptera frugiperdae0
- Organ / stage
- larvaee0
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- up to 80%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fall armyworm mortality was the highest in larvae (up to 80%), moderate in pupae (15–17%), and the lowest in adults (6–7%), respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall armyworm pupal mortality was 15–17%.
- Taxon
- Fall armywormSpodoptera frugiperdae0
- Organ / stage
- pupaee0
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- moderatee0
- Value
- 15–17%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fall armyworm mortality was the highest in larvae (up to 80%), moderate in pupae (15–17%), and the lowest in adults (6–7%), respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall armyworm adult mortality was 6–7%.
- Taxon
- Fall armywormSpodoptera frugiperdae0
- Organ / stage
- adultse0
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 6–7%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fall armyworm mortality was the highest in larvae (up to 80%), moderate in pupae (15–17%), and the lowest in adults (6–7%), respectively.”