Abstract
Ethephon (ETH) is widely applied to shape plant type for enhancing plant lodging resistance in maize high-yield and efficient production, however, there is limited information on how ethephon regulates root traits to mediate root anchorage strength for enhancing the lodging resistance. To clarify this, a two-year field experiment (2022 and 2023 summer maize growing seasons) was conducted to evaluate the regulatory effect of ETH application on the root development, morphological traits and anchorage strength in three maize varieties. ETH application advanced nodal root initiation, accelerated the growth rate of nodal root development, shortened the developmental duration of root whorl, and induced the formation of an additional nodal root whorl without significantly affecting nodal root number per whorl. Meanwhile, ETH application significantly increased root length and lateral root number, but reduced root diameter and root volume. Furthermore, ETH application increased root angle, top root angle and bottom root angle, while decreasing maximum and median width of root system, which facilitated the development of a steeper and more compact root system architecture. In addition, ETH application strengthened root anchorage by improving vertical root pulling resistance (VRPR), failure angle, anchorage strength and safety factor by 20.6, 18, 20.7, and 68.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, an increased root-to-shoot ratio of 14.7%, along with reductions in the ratios of plant height to VRPR and shoot fresh weight to VRPR of 21.5 and 26.8%, respectively, collectively indicated more efficient root development and improved shoot-root interaction in ETH-treated plants. Moreover, ETH effectively reduced the lodging rates by 73.9%, while increased the number of harvest ears, improved the grain yield and harvest index. Overall, ETH could mediate root morphology traits to shape steep root architecture and improve shoot–root interaction for enhancing the lodging resistance in maize.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
ETH application advanced nodal root initiation in maize.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root anchorage in maize”
e0“ETH application advanced nodal root initiation”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH application accelerated the growth rate of nodal root development in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root anchorage in maize”
e1“ETH application advanced nodal root initiation, accelerated the growth rate of nodal root development, shortened the developmental duration of root whorl, and induced the formation of an additional nodal root whorl without significantly affecting nodal root number per whorl”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH application shortened the developmental duration of the root whorl in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root anchorage in maize”
e1“ETH application advanced nodal root initiation, accelerated the growth rate of nodal root development, shortened the developmental duration of root whorl, and induced the formation of an additional nodal root whorl without significantly affecting nodal root number per whorl”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH application induced formation of an additional nodal root whorl in maize.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root anchorage in maize”
e1“ETH application advanced nodal root initiation, accelerated the growth rate of nodal root development, shortened the developmental duration of root whorl, and induced the formation of an additional nodal root whorl without significantly affecting nodal root number per whorl”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH application did not significantly affect nodal root number per whorl in maize.
- Treatment
- ETH applicatione1
- Outcome
- nodal root number per whorle1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
- Qualifier
- without significantly affectinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root anchorage in maize”
e1“ETH application advanced nodal root initiation, accelerated the growth rate of nodal root development, shortened the developmental duration of root whorl, and induced the formation of an additional nodal root whorl without significantly affecting nodal root number per whorl”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH application significantly increased root length and lateral root number in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root anchorage in maize”
e2“ETH application significantly increased root length and lateral root number, but reduced root diameter and root volume”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH application reduced root diameter and root volume in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root anchorage in maize”
e2“ETH application significantly increased root length and lateral root number, but reduced root diameter and root volume”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH application increased root angle, top root angle and bottom root angle in maize.
- Treatment
- ETH applicatione3
- Outcome
- root angle, top root angle and bottom root anglee3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root anchorage in maize”
e3“ETH application increased root angle, top root angle and bottom root angle, while decreasing maximum and median width of root system”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH application decreased the maximum and median width of the root system in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root anchorage in maize”
e3“ETH application increased root angle, top root angle and bottom root angle, while decreasing maximum and median width of root system”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH application improved vertical root pulling resistance by 20.6% in maize.
- Treatment
- ETH applicatione4
- Outcome
- vertical root pulling resistance (VRPR)e4
- Direction
- improvinge4
- Value
- 20.6e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root anchorage in maize”
e4“ETH application strengthened root anchorage by improving vertical root pulling resistance (VRPR), failure angle, anchorage strength and safety factor by 20.6, 18, 20.7, and 68.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH application improved failure angle by 18% in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root anchorage in maize”
e4“ETH application strengthened root anchorage by improving vertical root pulling resistance (VRPR), failure angle, anchorage strength and safety factor by 20.6, 18, 20.7, and 68.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH application improved anchorage strength by 20.7% in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root anchorage in maize”
e4“ETH application strengthened root anchorage by improving vertical root pulling resistance (VRPR), failure angle, anchorage strength and safety factor by 20.6, 18, 20.7, and 68.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH application improved the safety factor by 68.8% in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root anchorage in maize”
e4“ETH application strengthened root anchorage by improving vertical root pulling resistance (VRPR), failure angle, anchorage strength and safety factor by 20.6, 18, 20.7, and 68.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH application increased the root-to-shoot ratio by 14.7% in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root anchorage in maize”
e5“an increased root-to-shoot ratio of 14.7%, along with reductions in the ratios of plant height to VRPR and shoot fresh weight to VRPR of 21.5 and 26.8%”
e0“ETH application advanced nodal root initiation”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH application reduced the ratio of plant height to VRPR by 21.5 in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root anchorage in maize”
e5“an increased root-to-shoot ratio of 14.7%, along with reductions in the ratios of plant height to VRPR and shoot fresh weight to VRPR of 21.5 and 26.8%”
e0“ETH application advanced nodal root initiation”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH application reduced the ratio of shoot fresh weight to VRPR by 26.8% in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root anchorage in maize”
e5“an increased root-to-shoot ratio of 14.7%, along with reductions in the ratios of plant height to VRPR and shoot fresh weight to VRPR of 21.5 and 26.8%”
e0“ETH application advanced nodal root initiation”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH effectively reduced lodging rates by 73.9% in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root anchorage in maize”
e6“ETH effectively reduced the lodging rates by 73.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH increased the number of harvest ears in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root anchorage in maize”
e6“ETH effectively reduced the lodging rates by 73.9%”
e7“while increased the number of harvest ears, improved the grain yield and harvest index”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH improved grain yield and harvest index in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root anchorage in maize”
e6“ETH effectively reduced the lodging rates by 73.9%”
e7“while increased the number of harvest ears, improved the grain yield and harvest index”
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