Abstract
This study systematically investigates cadmium (Cd) accumulation and translocation mechanisms in woody plants through integrated analysis of 16 species. Roots consistently exhibited the highest Cd concentrations (0.26 ± 0.13 mg/kg), serving as primary accumulation sites, while bark functioned as a critical secondary storage organ (0.22 ± 0.09 mg/kg) with strong physiological coordination to roots (r = 0.72, p < 0.001). Leaves demonstrated strict Cd restriction (0.09 ± 0.05 mg/kg) and low variability (CV = 48.7%), indicating evolutionary adaptations to minimize phytotoxicity in photosynthetic tissues. Three functional groups were identified: hyperaccumulators (e.g., Ulmus pumila, root/leaf ratio = 6.37), excluders (e.g., Malus spectabilis, root/leaf ratio = 1.12), and intermediate species (e.g., Syringa oblata) with balanced translocation patterns. Strong root-bark correlations (r = 0.68) and negative stem-leaf associations (r = −0.42) revealed complex interorgan translocation dynamics. Cd speciation analysis showed dominant residual fractions in soils (60–80%) and elevated water-soluble or weakly bound Cd in roots (35–52%). These findings provide a mechanistic basis for designing species-specific phytoremediation strategies, including phytoextraction and ecological stabilization. It will identify suitable tree species for effectively stabilizing or containing the metal pollution within a defined area, thereby preventing its lateral spread or leaching.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Roots had the highest Cd concentrations at 0.26 ± 0.13 mg/kg.
Verbatim
e0“Roots consistently exhibited the highest Cd concentrations (0.26 ± 0.13 mg/kg)”
e1“woody plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bark was a secondary Cd storage organ at 0.22 ± 0.09 mg/kg.
Verbatim
e0“bark functioned as a critical secondary storage organ (0.22 ± 0.09 mg/kg)”
e1“woody plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bark and roots showed strong physiological coordination, r = 0.72.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“strong physiological coordination to roots (r = 0.72, p < 0.001)”
e1“bark functioned as a critical secondary storage organ”
e2“woody plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves had restricted Cd concentration of 0.09 ± 0.05 mg/kg.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Leaves demonstrated strict Cd restriction (0.09 ± 0.05 mg/kg)”
e1“woody plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf Cd concentration had low variability, CV = 48.7%.
Verbatim
e0“low variability (CV = 48.7%)”
e1“Leaves demonstrated strict Cd restriction”
e2“woody plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Ulmus pumila was identified as a hyperaccumulator with root/leaf ratio 6.37.
- Taxon
- Ulmus pumila
Ulmus pumilae0 - Outcome
- hyperaccumulatorse0
- Value
- root/leaf ratio = 6.37e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hyperaccumulators (e.g., Ulmus pumila, root/leaf ratio = 6.37)”
Claim · model-written summary
Malus spectabilis was identified as an excluder with root/leaf ratio 1.12.
- Taxon
- Malus spectabilis
Malus spectabilise0 - Outcome
- excluderse0
- Value
- root/leaf ratio = 1.12e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“excluders (e.g., Malus spectabilis, root/leaf ratio = 1.12)”
Claim · model-written summary
Syringa oblata showed intermediate, balanced translocation.
- Taxon
- Syringa oblata
Syringa oblatae0 - Outcome
- balanced translocation patternse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intermediate species (e.g., Syringa oblata) with balanced translocation patterns”
Claim · model-written summary
Root and bark Cd concentrations were positively correlated, r = 0.68.
Verbatim
e0“Strong root-bark correlations (r = 0.68)”
e1“woody plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem and leaf Cd concentrations were negatively associated, r = −0.42.
Verbatim
e0“negative stem-leaf associations (r = −0.42)”
e1“woody plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual Cd fractions dominated soils at 60–80%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“dominant residual fractions in soils (60–80%)”
e1“woody plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots contained elevated water-soluble or weakly bound Cd at 35–52%.
Verbatim
e0“elevated water-soluble or weakly bound Cd in roots (35–52%)”
e1“woody plants”