Abstract
To address the rising global demand for food, the development of sustainable technologies that can increase agricultural productivity while minimizing environmental impact is essential. This study reports on the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and evaluates their application in mitigating the adverse effects of elevated temperatures on rice. An experiment was conducted on rice PB-1121 during the kharif seasons of 2021 and 2022, utilizing synthesized green ZnO NPs (30 nm) compared to ZnSO4 under a Free Air Temperature Enrichment (FATE) system. The temperature of FATE was higher by ~ 1.5 °C compared to the ambient temperature throughout the crop growing period. The incorporation of ZnO NPs into the soil increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) by 17.8%, stomatal conductance (gs) by 16.2%, and chlorophyll concentration by 4.3% compared to the control under FATE (CKET). In contrast, Pn, gs, chlorophyll, and carotenoids decreased by 9.2–18.6% in the control under FATE compared to the ambient control (CK). Moreover, protein, proline, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities improved by 6.8–12.8% under ZnO NPs soil manipulation compared to ZnSO4 under FATE. Soil treated with ZnO NPs also significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) the number of productive tillers, filled grains (p < 0.05), and overall grain yield (p < 0.001) compared to control under CKET. Additionally, root length, root surface area, and root diameter were significantly (p < 0.05) greater in soil amended with ZnO NPs than in the control under FATE. Zinc (Zn) concentration in grains was higher (p < 0.001) in ZnO NPs, while phytic acid (PA) concentration decreased by 25.8–31.1%. The bioavailability of Zn was also significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the treatments using ZnO NPs. This study investigates how NPs interact with plants, demonstrating their potential to enhance agricultural sustainability, particularly during periods of extreme weather. Future studies should elucidate the molecular bases underlying the observed enhancement of Zn uptake, translocation, and high temperature stress tolerance in rice with ZnO NPs application.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
FATE temperature exceeded ambient temperature by approximately 1.5 °C throughout crop growth.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The temperature of FATE was higher by ~ 1.5 °C compared to the ambient temperature throughout the crop growing period.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil ZnO nanoparticles increased rice photosynthetic rate by 17.8% relative to the FATE control.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- incorporation of ZnO NPs into the soile0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.8%e0
- Comparator
- control under FATE (CKET)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The incorporation of ZnO NPs into the soil increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) by 17.8%, stomatal conductance (gs) by 16.2%, and chlorophyll concentration by 4.3% compared to the control under FATE (CKET).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil ZnO nanoparticles increased rice stomatal conductance by 16.2% relative to the FATE control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- incorporation of ZnO NPs into the soile0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.2%e0
- Comparator
- control under FATE (CKET)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The incorporation of ZnO NPs into the soil increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) by 17.8%, stomatal conductance (gs) by 16.2%, and chlorophyll concentration by 4.3% compared to the control under FATE (CKET).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil ZnO nanoparticles increased rice chlorophyll concentration by 4.3% relative to the FATE control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- incorporation of ZnO NPs into the soile0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.3%e0
- Comparator
- control under FATE (CKET)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The incorporation of ZnO NPs into the soil increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) by 17.8%, stomatal conductance (gs) by 16.2%, and chlorophyll concentration by 4.3% compared to the control under FATE (CKET).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
FATE reduced rice photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll by 9.2–18.6% relative to ambient control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FATEe0
- Outcome
- Pn, gs, chlorophylle0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 9.2–18.6%e0
- Comparator
- ambient control (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pn, gs, chlorophyll, and carotenoids decreased by 9.2–18.6% in the control under FATE compared to the ambient control (CK).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
FATE reduced rice carotenoids by 9.2–18.6% relative to ambient control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FATEe0
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 9.2–18.6%e0
- Comparator
- ambient control (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pn, gs, chlorophyll, and carotenoids decreased by 9.2–18.6% in the control under FATE compared to the ambient control (CK).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Under FATE, soil ZnO nanoparticles improved protein, proline and catalase measures by 6.8–12.8% versus ZnSO4.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPs soil manipulatione0
- Outcome
- protein, proline, catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 6.8–12.8%e0
- Qualifier
- under FATEe0
- Comparator
- ZnSO4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protein, proline, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities improved by 6.8–12.8% under ZnO NPs soil manipulation compared to ZnSO4 under FATE.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Under FATE, soil ZnO nanoparticles improved superoxide dismutase activity by 6.8–12.8% versus ZnSO4.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPs soil manipulatione0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD) activitiese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 6.8–12.8%e0
- Qualifier
- under FATEe0
- Comparator
- ZnSO4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities improved by 6.8–12.8% under ZnO NPs soil manipulation compared to ZnSO4 under FATE.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil ZnO nanoparticles significantly increased productive tillers and filled grains versus the CKET control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Soil treated with ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- number of productive tillers, filled grainse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- control under CKETe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil treated with ZnO NPs also significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) the number of productive tillers, filled grains (p < 0.05), and overall grain yield (p < 0.001) compared to control under CKET.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil ZnO nanoparticles significantly increased grain yield versus the CKET control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Soil treated with ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- overall grain yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- control under CKETe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil treated with ZnO NPs also significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) the number of productive tillers, filled grains (p < 0.05), and overall grain yield (p < 0.001) compared to control under CKET.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticle soil amendment significantly increased root length, surface area and diameter versus the FATE control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- soil amended with ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- root length, root surface area, and root diametere0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- control under FATEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root length, root surface area, and root diameter were significantly (p < 0.05) greater in soil amended with ZnO NPs than in the control under FATE.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticle treatment produced significantly higher grain zinc concentration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- grainse0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- Zinc (Zn) concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinc (Zn) concentration in grains was higher (p < 0.001) in ZnO NPs”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticle treatment decreased rice phytic acid concentration by 25.8–31.1%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- phytic acid (PA) concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 25.8–31.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinc (Zn) concentration in grains was higher (p < 0.001) in ZnO NPs, while phytic acid (PA) concentration decreased by 25.8–31.1%.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticle treatments significantly increased zinc bioavailability.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- treatments using ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- bioavailability of Zne0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bioavailability of Zn was also significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the treatments using ZnO NPs.”
t0“rice”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.