Abstract
Controlled environment agriculture offers opportunities to regulate environmental factors that enhance crop productivity and quality. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CO2 enrichment (400, 800, and 1200 ppm) and light spectrum (broad-spectrum white, combined narrow amber + blue, and combined white + far-red + ultraviolet-A) on the growth and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Environmental parameters were controlled at 21 °C during the 18 h light period and 19 °C during the 6 h dark period, with 65% relative humidity. After 28 days, fresh mass, dry mass, plant height, head diameter, chlorophyll content, leaf area, specific leaf area, and anthocyanin content were measured. CO2 enrichment significantly (p < 0.05) increased fresh mass, dry mass, leaf area, and specific leaf area, with the largest increases observed at 800 ppm CO2. Light treatments had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on fresh mass and plant height. The combined narrow amber and blue spectrum yielded the highest fresh and dry mass, the white, far-red and UV-A combination promoted taller plants, and broad-spectrum white light produced the largest head diameters. Chlorophyll content did not show statistically significant differences across CO2 or light treatments, whereas anthocyanin content differed significantly among light treatments (p = 0.04), with the narrow amber and blue treatment producing the highest anthocyanin content. Specific leaf area decreased significantly with rising CO2 concentrations. Leaf area increased significantly at 800 ppm but plateaued at 1200 ppm (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that CO2 enrichment at 800 ppm, combined with a narrow amber and blue light spectrum, enhances indoor lettuce production by improving both biomass and quality.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 enrichment increased fresh mass and dry mass of lettuce, with the largest increases at 800 ppm.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Treatment
- CO2 enrichmente4
- Outcome
- fresh mass, dry masse4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- largest increases observed at 800 ppm CO2e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to investigate the effects of CO2 enrichment (400, 800, and 1200 ppm) and light spectrum (broad-spectrum white, combined narrow amber + blue, and combined white + far-red + ultraviolet-A) on the growth and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa)”
e4“CO2 enrichment significantly (p < 0.05) increased fresh mass, dry mass, leaf area, and specific leaf area, with the largest increases observed at 800 ppm CO2”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 enrichment increased leaf area and specific leaf area of lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- CO2 enrichmente4
- Outcome
- leaf area, and specific leaf areae4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to investigate the effects of CO2 enrichment (400, 800, and 1200 ppm) and light spectrum (broad-spectrum white, combined narrow amber + blue, and combined white + far-red + ultraviolet-A) on the growth and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa)”
e4“CO2 enrichment significantly (p < 0.05) increased fresh mass, dry mass, leaf area, and specific leaf area, with the largest increases observed at 800 ppm CO2”
Claim · model-written summary
Specific leaf area of lettuce decreased significantly with rising CO2 concentrations.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- rising CO2 concentrationse5
- Outcome
- Specific leaf areae5
- Direction
- decreasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to investigate the effects of CO2 enrichment (400, 800, and 1200 ppm) and light spectrum (broad-spectrum white, combined narrow amber + blue, and combined white + far-red + ultraviolet-A) on the growth and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa)”
e5“Specific leaf area decreased significantly with rising CO2 concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Light treatments significantly affected fresh mass and plant height of lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Light treatmentse6
- Outcome
- fresh mass and plant heighte6
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to investigate the effects of CO2 enrichment (400, 800, and 1200 ppm) and light spectrum (broad-spectrum white, combined narrow amber + blue, and combined white + far-red + ultraviolet-A) on the growth and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa)”
e6“Light treatments had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on fresh mass and plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area increased significantly at 800 ppm CO2.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- 800 ppme1
- Outcome
- Leaf areae1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to investigate the effects of CO2 enrichment (400, 800, and 1200 ppm) and light spectrum (broad-spectrum white, combined narrow amber + blue, and combined white + far-red + ultraviolet-A) on the growth and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa)”
e1“Leaf area increased significantly at 800 ppm but plateaued at 1200 ppm (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area plateaued at 1200 ppm CO2 relative to 800 ppm.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- 1200 ppme1
- Outcome
- Leaf areae1
- Direction
- plateauede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to investigate the effects of CO2 enrichment (400, 800, and 1200 ppm) and light spectrum (broad-spectrum white, combined narrow amber + blue, and combined white + far-red + ultraviolet-A) on the growth and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa)”
e1“Leaf area increased significantly at 800 ppm but plateaued at 1200 ppm (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined narrow amber and blue spectrum gave the highest fresh and dry mass of lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- combined narrow amber and blue spectrume7
- Outcome
- fresh and dry masse7
- Direction
- higheste7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to investigate the effects of CO2 enrichment (400, 800, and 1200 ppm) and light spectrum (broad-spectrum white, combined narrow amber + blue, and combined white + far-red + ultraviolet-A) on the growth and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa)”
e7“The combined narrow amber and blue spectrum yielded the highest fresh and dry mass”
Claim · model-written summary
The white, far-red and UV-A combination promoted taller lettuce plants.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- white, far-red and UV-A combinatione1
- Outcome
- taller plantse1
- Direction
- promotede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to investigate the effects of CO2 enrichment (400, 800, and 1200 ppm) and light spectrum (broad-spectrum white, combined narrow amber + blue, and combined white + far-red + ultraviolet-A) on the growth and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa)”
e1“the white, far-red and UV-A combination promoted taller plants, and broad-spectrum white light produced the largest head diameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Broad-spectrum white light gave the largest head diameters of lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- broad-spectrum white lighte1
- Outcome
- head diameterse1
- Direction
- largeste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to investigate the effects of CO2 enrichment (400, 800, and 1200 ppm) and light spectrum (broad-spectrum white, combined narrow amber + blue, and combined white + far-red + ultraviolet-A) on the growth and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa)”
e1“the white, far-red and UV-A combination promoted taller plants, and broad-spectrum white light produced the largest head diameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll content of lettuce did not differ significantly across CO2 or light treatments.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- CO2 or light treatmentse1
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to investigate the effects of CO2 enrichment (400, 800, and 1200 ppm) and light spectrum (broad-spectrum white, combined narrow amber + blue, and combined white + far-red + ultraviolet-A) on the growth and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa)”
e1“Chlorophyll content did not show statistically significant differences across CO2 or light treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin content of lettuce differed significantly among light treatments.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- light treatmentse1
- Outcome
- anthocyanin contente1
- Qualifier
- p = 0.04e1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to investigate the effects of CO2 enrichment (400, 800, and 1200 ppm) and light spectrum (broad-spectrum white, combined narrow amber + blue, and combined white + far-red + ultraviolet-A) on the growth and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa)”
e1“anthocyanin content differed significantly among light treatments (p = 0.04)”
Claim · model-written summary
The narrow amber and blue light treatment gave the highest anthocyanin content in lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- narrow amber and blue treatmente1
- Outcome
- anthocyanin contente1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to investigate the effects of CO2 enrichment (400, 800, and 1200 ppm) and light spectrum (broad-spectrum white, combined narrow amber + blue, and combined white + far-red + ultraviolet-A) on the growth and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa)”
e1“with the narrow amber and blue treatment producing the highest anthocyanin content”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 enrichment at 800 ppm with a narrow amber and blue spectrum is suggested to enhance indoor lettuce production by improving biomass and quality.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- CO2 enrichment at 800 ppme1
- Outcome
- indoor lettuce productione1
- Setting
- indoore1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“These findings suggest that CO2 enrichment at 800 ppm, combined with a narrow amber and blue light spectrum, enhances indoor lettuce production by improving both biomass and quality”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · physiology: pigments · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →co2 · growth · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Positive and negative results
32 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
38 papers more in this group
See all 42 papers →light · physiology: pigments · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 44 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
48 papers more in this group
See all 52 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.