Abstract
This study presents a low-cost wireless sensor network (WSN) integrated with an Internet of Things (IoT) platform for continuous monitoring of agro-environmental parameters relevant to rice harvest decision support. Solar-powered sensor nodes equipped with temperature-humidity (DHT22) and light intensity (BH1750) sensors were deployed in a Pathum Thani 1 rice field in Si Prachan, Suphan Buri province, Thailand. Environmental data were recorded hourly from June to September 2025 and transmitted wirelessly to a cloud-based dashboard for real-time visualization. Growing Degree Days (GDD) were calculated from measured air temperature using a literature-based base temperature, and cumulative GDD (CGDD) was used to track rice growth progression across vegetative, reproductive, and grain-filling stages. The system demonstrated stable long-term operation and continuous data acquisition under field conditions. Observed CGDD trends were consistent with reported growth-stage thresholds for the studied rice variety, while measured light intensities ranged from 36,900 to 37,810 lx, relative humidity remained consistently high throughout the season, and air temperatures varied between daily minima of 23.5–25.2 °C and maxima near 35.4 °C, which are suitable for rice photosynthesis and development. The seasonal CGDD increased linearly to 580.3, 1189.9, 1593.7, and 2385.7 °C by the end of June, July, August, and September, respectively, exhibiting a strong linear relationship with days after 1 June 2025 (R2 = 0.9999), which confirms stable thermal accumulation throughout the growing season.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The wireless sensor network showed stable long-term operation and continuous data acquisition under field conditions.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Outcome
- stable long-term operation and continuous data acquisitione1
- Setting
- field conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“The system demonstrated stable long-term operation and continuous data acquisition under field conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Observed cumulative growing degree day trends were consistent with reported growth-stage thresholds for the studied rice variety.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- CGDD trendse1
- Qualifier
- consistent with reported growth-stage thresholdse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“Observed CGDD trends were consistent with reported growth-stage thresholds for the studied rice variety”
Claim · model-written summary
Measured light intensities in the rice field ranged from 36,900 to 37,810 lx.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- light intensitiese1
- Value
- 36,900 to 37,810 lxe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“measured light intensities ranged from 36,900 to 37,810 lx”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative humidity remained consistently high throughout the season in the rice field.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- relative humiditye1
- Qualifier
- consistently high throughout the seasone1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“relative humidity remained consistently high throughout the season”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily minimum air temperatures in the rice field were 23.5–25.2 °C.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- daily minimae1
- Value
- 23.5–25.2 °Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“air temperatures varied between daily minima of 23.5–25.2 °C and maxima near 35.4 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily maximum air temperatures in the rice field were near 35.4 °C.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- maximae1
- Value
- 35.4 °Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“air temperatures varied between daily minima of 23.5–25.2 °C and maxima near 35.4 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
Seasonal CGDD reached 580.3 °C by the end of June.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- seasonal CGDDe1
- Value
- 580.3e1
- Qualifier
- Junee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“The seasonal CGDD increased linearly to 580.3, 1189.9, 1593.7, and 2385.7 °C by the end of June, July, August, and September, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seasonal CGDD reached 1189.9 °C by the end of July.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- seasonal CGDDe1
- Value
- 1189.9e1
- Qualifier
- Julye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“The seasonal CGDD increased linearly to 580.3, 1189.9, 1593.7, and 2385.7 °C by the end of June, July, August, and September, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seasonal CGDD reached 1593.7 °C by the end of August.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- seasonal CGDDe1
- Value
- 1593.7e1
- Qualifier
- Auguste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“The seasonal CGDD increased linearly to 580.3, 1189.9, 1593.7, and 2385.7 °C by the end of June, July, August, and September, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seasonal CGDD reached 2385.7 °C by the end of September.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- seasonal CGDDe1
- Value
- 2385.7 °Ce1
- Qualifier
- Septembere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“The seasonal CGDD increased linearly to 580.3, 1189.9, 1593.7, and 2385.7 °C by the end of June, July, August, and September, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cumulative growing degree days showed a strong linear relationship with days after 1 June 2025 (R2 = 0.9999).
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- strong linear relationship with days after 1 June 2025e1
- Value
- R2 = 0.9999e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e1“exhibiting a strong linear relationship with days after 1 June 2025 (R2 = 0.9999)”