Paper · 2026 · Plant Science Today

Effect of growing media combined with biofertilizers on growth and survival of air-layered water apple (Syzygium samarangense L.)

R S Giriprasath; B C Umesh; D Jeevitha; et al.

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claims
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verbatim quotes
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citations
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Open access · cc-by

Abstract

The present study was conducted to evaluate the influence of various biofertilizer-enriched potting media on the survival and growth performance of air-layered saplings of water apple (Syzygium samarangense L.) under tropical conditions. Mature shoots from 2-year old trees at the Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (KITS), Coimbatore, were air-layered using IBA at 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg L-1 concentrations, with sphagnum moss and cocopeat as rooting media during August to October, 2022. Successfully rooted layers were transplanted into 7 different potting mixtures consisting of soil, sand and farmyard manure (FYM) (1:1:1) either alone (control) or amended with various biofertilizers including Trichoderma viride, vermiwash (1 %), humic acid, Azospirillum brasilense, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM). The study was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) comprising 3 replications. Plant height, leaf number, shoot number, root parameters and survival percentage were observed at 30, 60 and 90 days after potting (DAP). Results revealed that potting media enriched with vermiwash - 1 % (T₃) significantly outperformed other treatments, showing the highest survival rate (100 %) and superior root attributes, including root length (21.80 cm), primary roots number (43.35), secondary roots number (89.17) and primary root diameter (3.50 mm) at 90 DAP. The study concludes that the integration of vermiwash with a soil, sand and FYM base enhances the survivability and root development of water apple air layers, offering a promising technique for efficient propagation under tropical nursery conditions.

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The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 6

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Potting media enriched with 1% vermiwash significantly outperformed other treatments in survival of air-layered water apple, with the highest survival rate of 100%.

Taxon
Syzygium samarangenseSyzygium samarangenset0
Treatment
vermiwash - 1 %e1
Outcome
survival ratee3
Direction
higheste3
Value
100 %e3
Comparator
other treatmentse2

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Syzygium samarangense
Syzygium samarangense · TaxonFilo gèn' · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“Syzygium samarangense L.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 104–128 · show in text ↑
e1

“potting media enriched with vermiwash - 1 %”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1130–1173 · show in text ↑
e2

“significantly outperformed other treatments”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1179–1222 · show in text ↑
e3

“the highest survival rate (100 %)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1232–1265 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Potting media enriched with 1% vermiwash gave superior root length of 21.80 cm at 90 DAP compared with other treatments in air-layered water apple.

Taxon
Syzygium samarangenseSyzygium samarangenset0
Treatment
vermiwash - 1 %e1
Outcome
root lengthe3
Direction
superiore3
Value
21.80 cme3
Comparator
other treatmentse2

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Syzygium samarangense
Syzygium samarangense · TaxonFilo gèn' · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“Syzygium samarangense L.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 104–128 · show in text ↑
e1

“potting media enriched with vermiwash - 1 %”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1130–1173 · show in text ↑
e2

“significantly outperformed other treatments”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1179–1222 · show in text ↑
e3

“superior root attributes, including root length (21.80 cm)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1270–1328 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Potting media enriched with 1% vermiwash gave a primary roots number of 43.35 in air-layered water apple, higher than other treatments.

Taxon
Syzygium samarangenseSyzygium samarangenset0
Treatment
vermiwash - 1 %e1
Outcome
primary roots numbere3
Direction
higherinferrede3
Value
43.35e3
Comparator
other treatmentse2

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Syzygium samarangense
Syzygium samarangense · TaxonFilo gèn' · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“Syzygium samarangense L.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 104–128 · show in text ↑
e1

“potting media enriched with vermiwash - 1 %”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1130–1173 · show in text ↑
e2

“significantly outperformed other treatments”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1179–1222 · show in text ↑
e3

“primary roots number (43.35)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1330–1358 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Potting media enriched with 1% vermiwash gave a secondary roots number of 89.17 in air-layered water apple, higher than other treatments.

Taxon
Syzygium samarangenseSyzygium samarangenset0
Treatment
vermiwash - 1 %e1
Outcome
secondary roots numbere3
Direction
higherinferrede3
Value
89.17e3
Comparator
other treatmentse2

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Syzygium samarangense
Syzygium samarangense · TaxonFilo gèn' · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“Syzygium samarangense L.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 104–128 · show in text ↑
e1

“potting media enriched with vermiwash - 1 %”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1130–1173 · show in text ↑
e2

“significantly outperformed other treatments”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1179–1222 · show in text ↑
e3

“secondary roots number (89.17)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1360–1390 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Potting media enriched with 1% vermiwash gave a primary root diameter of 3.50 mm at 90 DAP in air-layered water apple, higher than other treatments.

Taxon
Syzygium samarangenseSyzygium samarangenset0
Treatment
vermiwash - 1 %e1
Outcome
primary root diametere3
Direction
higherinferrede3
Value
3.50 mme3
Comparator
other treatmentse2

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Syzygium samarangense
Syzygium samarangense · TaxonFilo gèn' · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“Syzygium samarangense L.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 104–128 · show in text ↑
e1

“potting media enriched with vermiwash - 1 %”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1130–1173 · show in text ↑
e2

“significantly outperformed other treatments”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1179–1222 · show in text ↑
e3

“primary root diameter (3.50 mm)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1395–1426 · show in text ↑
Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The authors conclude that integrating vermiwash with a soil, sand and FYM base is a promising technique for efficient propagation of water apple air layers under tropical nursery conditions.

Taxon
Syzygium samarangenseSyzygium samarangenset0
Outcome
efficient propagatione1
Setting
tropical nursery conditionse1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Syzygium samarangense
Syzygium samarangense · TaxonFilo gèn' · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“Syzygium samarangense L.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 104–128 · show in text ↑
e1

“offering a promising technique for efficient propagation under tropical nursery conditions”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1598–1688 · show in text ↑