Abstract
Background In search for effective prophylactic and possibly curative therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2, an historical-ethnopharmacological approach was used to select plants described in the Receptarium of Burkhard III von Hallwyl (RBH), a recipe text from 16th century Switzerland. Ten plant species were selected from the pre-established RBH database based on specific historical uses presumably linked with the treatment of viral infections. Methods From each plant aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts were produced. CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay was used to assess antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and the effect on cell viability of the extracts. Results Of the ten plants tested, four displayed an antiviral activity ≥ 50% at 16.7 μg/ml with acceptable cell viability (> 75%): Artemisia vulgaris L. (aerial parts), Geranium robertianum L. (arial parts), Sambucus nigra L. (leaves) and Viola odorata L. (leaves). The crude extracts were partitioned in aqueous and organic pre-fractions and further analyzed. The ethyl acetate pre-fractions of G. robertianum, S. nigra , and V. odorata expressed significant antiviral activity of nearly 100% at 5.6 μg/ml (P < 0.05). The most potent inhibitory activity was observed for the ethyl acetate pre-fraction of the leaves of Viola odorata with 87% at 1.9 μg/ml (P < 0.0001). Alongside bioactivity testing, phytochemical fingerprints were made, with the aim to provide a preliminary characterization of the active crude extracts. An overview of published phytochemical and antiviral data on the four active plants reveals a fragmentary picture, especially when considering the plant parts investigated. Despite of the promising antiviral effects observed in our study, further in-depth pharmacological and phytochemical investigations are required to comprehensively evaluate the potential of our candidates. Conclusions Our study suggests that an ethnopharmacological approach based on historical records of plant use in combination with a rational selection and testing procedure allows to identify interesting candidates, even among medicinal plants no longer in use. The process of selecting plants from RBH also illustrates the challenges associated with the study of historical texts, particularly the interpretation of the medicinal uses and the assessment of the botanical identities of historical plant names.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Artemisia vulgaris aerial parts extract showed antiviral activity of at least 50% at 16.7 μg/ml.
- Taxon
- Artemisia vulgaris
Artemisia vulgarise1 - Organ / stage
- aerial partse1
- Outcome
- antiviral activitye1
- Value
- ≥ 50%e1
- Qualifier
- at 16.7 μg/mle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Of the ten plants tested, four displayed an antiviral activity ≥ 50% at 16.7 μg/ml with acceptable cell viability (> 75%): Artemisia vulgaris L. (aerial parts), Geranium robertianum L. (arial parts), Sambucus nigra L. (leaves) and Viola odorata L. (leaves)”
Claim · model-written summary
Geranium robertianum aerial parts extract showed antiviral activity of at least 50% at 16.7 μg/ml.
- Taxon
- Geranium robertianum
_Geranium_robertianum_-_blossom_and_bud.jpg?width=60)
Geranium robertianume1 - Organ / stage
- arial partse1
- Outcome
- antiviral activitye1
- Value
- ≥ 50%e1
- Qualifier
- at 16.7 μg/mle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Geranium_robertianum_-_blossom_and_bud.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Of the ten plants tested, four displayed an antiviral activity ≥ 50% at 16.7 μg/ml with acceptable cell viability (> 75%): Artemisia vulgaris L. (aerial parts), Geranium robertianum L. (arial parts), Sambucus nigra L. (leaves) and Viola odorata L. (leaves)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sambucus nigra leaf extract showed antiviral activity of at least 50% at 16.7 μg/ml.
- Taxon
- Sambucus nigra
.jpg?width=60)
Sambucus nigrae1 - Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Outcome
- antiviral activitye1
- Value
- ≥ 50%e1
- Qualifier
- at 16.7 μg/mle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Of the ten plants tested, four displayed an antiviral activity ≥ 50% at 16.7 μg/ml with acceptable cell viability (> 75%): Artemisia vulgaris L. (aerial parts), Geranium robertianum L. (arial parts), Sambucus nigra L. (leaves) and Viola odorata L. (leaves)”
Claim · model-written summary
Viola odorata leaf extract showed antiviral activity of at least 50% at 16.7 μg/ml.
- Taxon
- Viola odorata
Viola odoratae1 - Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Outcome
- antiviral activitye1
- Value
- ≥ 50%e1
- Qualifier
- at 16.7 μg/mle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Of the ten plants tested, four displayed an antiviral activity ≥ 50% at 16.7 μg/ml with acceptable cell viability (> 75%): Artemisia vulgaris L. (aerial parts), Geranium robertianum L. (arial parts), Sambucus nigra L. (leaves) and Viola odorata L. (leaves)”
Claim · model-written summary
The ethyl acetate pre-fraction of G. robertianum showed nearly 100% antiviral activity at 5.6 μg/ml, significant at P < 0.05.
- Taxon
- G. robertianumGeranium robertianume2
- Treatment
- ethyl acetate pre-fractionse2
- Outcome
- antiviral activitye2
- Value
- nearly 100%e2
- Qualifier
- at 5.6 μg/mle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The ethyl acetate pre-fractions of G. robertianum, S. nigra , and V. odorata expressed significant antiviral activity of nearly 100% at 5.6 μg/ml (P < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
The ethyl acetate pre-fraction of S. nigra showed nearly 100% antiviral activity at 5.6 μg/ml, significant at P < 0.05.
- Taxon
- S. nigraSambucus nigrae2
- Treatment
- ethyl acetate pre-fractionse2
- Outcome
- antiviral activitye2
- Value
- nearly 100%e2
- Qualifier
- at 5.6 μg/mle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The ethyl acetate pre-fractions of G. robertianum, S. nigra , and V. odorata expressed significant antiviral activity of nearly 100% at 5.6 μg/ml (P < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
The ethyl acetate pre-fraction of V. odorata showed nearly 100% antiviral activity at 5.6 μg/ml, significant at P < 0.05.
- Taxon
- V. odorataViola odoratae2
- Treatment
- ethyl acetate pre-fractionse2
- Outcome
- antiviral activitye2
- Value
- nearly 100%e2
- Qualifier
- at 5.6 μg/mle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The ethyl acetate pre-fractions of G. robertianum, S. nigra , and V. odorata expressed significant antiviral activity of nearly 100% at 5.6 μg/ml (P < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
The ethyl acetate pre-fraction of Viola odorata leaves had the most potent inhibitory activity, 87% at 1.9 μg/ml (P < 0.0001).
- Taxon
- Viola odorataViola odoratae3
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Treatment
- ethyl acetate pre-fractione3
- Outcome
- inhibitory activitye3
- Value
- 87%e3
- Qualifier
- 1.9 μg/mle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The most potent inhibitory activity was observed for the ethyl acetate pre-fraction of the leaves of Viola odorata with 87% at 1.9 μg/ml (P < 0.0001)”