Abstract
Background: Geraniaceae species are widely used in traditional medicine. Pelargonium radula and Geranium macrorrhizum are aromatic medicinal plants traditionally used in Bulgaria for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. Comparative phytochemical data on Pelargonium radula and Geranium macrorrhizum cultivated in Bulgaria, however, remain limited. The present work aimed to characterize and compare the chemical composition of essential oils and main phenols, in support of future pharmacological evaluation. Methods: Essential oils from aerial parts of both species were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Through HPLC-UV, ethanol extracts were evaluated to quantify the major phenolic acids and flavonoids. Results: The yield of essential oils was 0.10% for P. radula and 0.03% for G. macrorrhizum, dominated by oxidized monoterpenes, mainly citronellol and geraniol-type compounds. HPLC analysis revealed marked differences in their phenolic profiles. P. radula showed a composition with six phenolic acids—primary protocatechuic and ferulic acids, and very low levels of flavonoids, with rutin being the only quantifiable glycoside. In contrast, G. macrorrhizum contained nine phenolic acids and four flavonoids, with remarkably high levels of salicylic, rosmarinic, and p-coumaric acids, as well as catechins, absent in P. radula. Conclusions: The two species showed different phytochemical characteristics in both their volatile and non-volatile fractions. P. radula is characterized by a citronellol/geraniol-rich essential oil and a moderate phenolic profile, while G. macrorrhizum exhibits significantly higher phenolic diversity and abundance. These findings expand the current phytochemical knowledge of both taxa and provide a solid basis for future chemotaxonomic and pharmacological studies. The obtained results suggest that Geranium macrorrhizum may be more promising for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory applications, while Pelargonium radula may be preferentially explored for ant-microbial purposes.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Pelargonium radula yielded 0.10% essential oil.
- Taxon
- Pelargonium radula
.jpg?width=60)
Pelargonium radulat0 - Outcome
- yield of essential oilse0
- Value
- 0.10%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The yield of essential oils was 0.10% for P. radula and 0.03% for G. macrorrhizum”
t0“Pelargonium radula”
Claim · model-written summary
Geranium macrorrhizum yielded 0.03% essential oil.
- Taxon
- Geranium macrorrhizum
_Geranium_macrorrhizum_inflorescence_and_foliage_-_Les_Martels%2C_Giroussens_Tarn.jpg?width=60)
Geranium macrorrhizumt0 - Outcome
- yield of essential oilse0
- Value
- 0.03%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Geranium_macrorrhizum_inflorescence_and_foliage_-_Les_Martels%2C_Giroussens_Tarn.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The yield of essential oils was 0.10% for P. radula and 0.03% for G. macrorrhizum”
t0“Geranium macrorrhizum”
Claim · model-written summary
The essential oils were dominated by oxidized monoterpenes, mainly citronellol and geraniol type compounds.
- Taxon
- Pelargonium radula and Geranium macrorrhizumGeranium macrorrhizumPelargonium radulat0
- Outcome
- oxidized monoterpenes, mainly citronellol and geraniol-type compoundse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dominated by oxidized monoterpenes, mainly citronellol and geraniol-type compounds”
t0“Pelargonium radula and Geranium macrorrhizum”
Claim · model-written summary
Pelargonium radula contained six phenolic acids, chiefly protocatechuic and ferulic acids.
- Taxon
- Pelargonium radulaPelargonium radulat0
- Outcome
- phenolic acids—primary protocatechuic and ferulic acidse0
- Value
- six phenolic acidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. radula showed a composition with six phenolic acids—primary protocatechuic and ferulic acids”
t0“Pelargonium radula”
Claim · model-written summary
Pelargonium radula had very low flavonoid levels, with rutin its only quantifiable glycoside.
- Taxon
- Pelargonium radulaPelargonium radulat0
- Outcome
- levels of flavonoids, with rutin being the only quantifiable glycosidee0
- Direction
- very lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“very low levels of flavonoids, with rutin being the only quantifiable glycoside”
t0“Pelargonium radula”
Claim · model-written summary
Geranium macrorrhizum contained nine phenolic acids.
- Taxon
- Geranium macrorrhizumGeranium macrorrhizumt0
- Outcome
- phenolic acidse0
- Value
- nine phenolic acidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“G. macrorrhizum contained nine phenolic acids and four flavonoids”
t0“Geranium macrorrhizum”
Claim · model-written summary
Geranium macrorrhizum contained four flavonoids.
- Taxon
- Geranium macrorrhizumGeranium macrorrhizumt0
- Outcome
- flavonoidse0
- Value
- four flavonoidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“G. macrorrhizum contained nine phenolic acids and four flavonoids”
t0“Geranium macrorrhizum”
Claim · model-written summary
Geranium macrorrhizum had high salicylic, rosmarinic and p-coumaric acid levels.
- Taxon
- Geranium macrorrhizumGeranium macrorrhizumt0
- Outcome
- levels of salicylic, rosmarinic, and p-coumaric acidse0
- Direction
- remarkably highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“remarkably high levels of salicylic, rosmarinic, and p-coumaric acids”
t0“Geranium macrorrhizum”
Claim · model-written summary
Catechins occurred in Geranium macrorrhizum and were absent from Pelargonium radula.
- Taxon
- Geranium macrorrhizumGeranium macrorrhizumt0
- Outcome
- catechinse0
- Comparator
- P. radulae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as catechins, absent in P. radula”
t0“Geranium macrorrhizum”
Claim · model-written summary
Geranium macrorrhizum had significantly greater phenolic diversity and abundance.
- Taxon
- Geranium macrorrhizumGeranium macrorrhizumt0
- Outcome
- phenolic diversity and abundancee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Pelargonium radulat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“G. macrorrhizum exhibits significantly higher phenolic diversity and abundance”
t0“Pelargonium radula and Geranium macrorrhizum”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest Geranium macrorrhizum for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory applications.
- Taxon
- Geranium macrorrhizumGeranium macrorrhizume0
- Outcome
- antioxidant and anti-inflammatory applicationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Geranium macrorrhizum may be more promising for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory applications”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest Pelargonium radula for antimicrobial applications.
- Taxon
- Pelargonium radulaPelargonium radulae0
- Outcome
- ant-microbial purposese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pelargonium radula may be preferentially explored for ant-microbial purposes”