Abstract
Tobacco Fusarium wilt (TFW), caused by Fusarium spp., is a destructive disease affecting tobacco crops and resulting in significant economic losses. The current chemical fungicide-based management strategy poses a risk of resistance development in pathogens. In order to identify key factors in the tobacco rhizosphere for sustainable TFW control, untargeted metabolomics and microbiomics were conducted to analyze the key metabolites and microbes between healthy and diseased rhizosphere soils. The results revealed a total of 65 differential metabolites (DMs), with 40 upregulated and 25 downregulated were identified in the diseased group. Among these, Aesculin, 8-Deoxy-11-hydroxy-13-chlorogrosheimin, and N-Gluconyl ethanolamine phosphate were identified as key DMs exhibiting a strong negative correlation with healthy soil status. The microbiome analysis revealed that bacterial diversity (OTUs: 3278 vs. 3039; Shannon: 6.72 vs. 6.65) and fungal diversity (OTUs: 919 vs. 701; Shannon: 3.91 vs. 3.44) were significantly higher in healthy soils. Furthermore, co-occurrence networks in healthy soils were larger and more stable, with bacteria comprising 431 nodes compared to 405 in diseased soils, and fungi comprising 112 nodes compared to 101 in diseased soils. Additionally, the analysis of the microbial community assembly process revealed that deterministic processes dominated microbial assembly in healthy soils during the first 75 d, subsequently shifting toward stochastic processes. In contrast, diseased soils exhibited a consistently deterministic assembly. Furthermore, we observed that variations in soil types influenced the distribution of key microbial groups. Chloroflexi, Bryobacter, Bacillus, Preussia, and Tausonia, were enriched in healthy soils while Lysobacter, Arthrobacter, Fusarium, and Lectera were dominated in diseased soils. The combined analysis results indicated that the three key DMs correlated positively with disease-enriched microbes but negatively with health-associated taxa. This study provides insights into the changes in and microbe-metabolite interactions within the tobacco rhizosphere under pathogen stress and supports the future development of TFW control strategies based on key metabolites and microbes.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Diseased tobacco rhizospheres had 65 differential metabolites.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacumt0 - Outcome
- differential metabolitese0
- Value
- 65e0
- Qualifier
- in the diseased groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tobacco plants”
e0“The results revealed a total of 65 differential metabolites (DMs), with 40 upregulated and 25 downregulated were identified in the diseased group.”
Claim · model-written summary
Forty metabolites were upregulated in diseased rhizospheres.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- upregulatede0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Value
- 40e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tobacco plants”
e0“with 40 upregulated and 25 downregulated were identified in the diseased group”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-five metabolites were downregulated in diseased rhizospheres.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- downregulatede0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
- Value
- 25e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tobacco plants”
e0“with 40 upregulated and 25 downregulated were identified in the diseased group”
Claim · model-written summary
Three key metabolites correlated negatively with healthy soil status.
- Compound
- Aesculin, 8-Deoxy-11-hydroxy-13-chlorogrosheimin, and N-Gluconyl ethanolamine phosphatee0
- Outcome
- healthy soil statuse0
- Direction
- negative correlatione0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Aesculin, 8-Deoxy-11-hydroxy-13-chlorogrosheimin, and N-Gluconyl ethanolamine phosphate were identified as key DMs exhibiting a strong negative correlation with healthy soil status”
Claim · model-written summary
Healthy soils had significantly higher bacterial OTU diversity, 3278 versus 3039.
Verbatim
e0“bacterial diversity (OTUs: 3278 vs. 3039; Shannon: 6.72 vs. 6.65) and fungal diversity (OTUs: 919 vs. 701; Shannon: 3.91 vs. 3.44) were significantly higher in healthy soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Healthy soils had significantly higher bacterial Shannon diversity, 6.72 versus 6.65.
Verbatim
e0“bacterial diversity (OTUs: 3278 vs. 3039; Shannon: 6.72 vs. 6.65) and fungal diversity (OTUs: 919 vs. 701; Shannon: 3.91 vs. 3.44) were significantly higher in healthy soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Healthy soils had significantly higher fungal OTU diversity, 919 versus 701.
Verbatim
e0“fungal diversity (OTUs: 919 vs. 701; Shannon: 3.91 vs. 3.44) were significantly higher in healthy soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Healthy soils had significantly higher fungal Shannon diversity, 3.91 versus 3.44.
Verbatim
e0“fungal diversity (OTUs: 919 vs. 701; Shannon: 3.91 vs. 3.44) were significantly higher in healthy soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Healthy-soil bacterial networks had 431 nodes versus 405 in diseased soils.
Verbatim
e0“co-occurrence networks in healthy soils were larger and more stable, with bacteria comprising 431 nodes compared to 405 in diseased soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Healthy-soil fungal networks had 112 nodes versus 101 in diseased soils.
Verbatim
e0“co-occurrence networks in healthy soils were larger and more stable, with bacteria comprising 431 nodes compared to 405 in diseased soils, and fungi comprising 112 nodes compared to 101 in diseased soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Healthy-soil co-occurrence networks were more stable.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“co-occurrence networks in healthy soils were larger and more stable”
Claim · model-written summary
Healthy-soil assembly shifted from deterministic processes during the first 75 days toward stochastic processes.
- Outcome
- microbial assemblye0
- Qualifier
- during the first 75 d, subsequently shifting toward stochastic processese0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“deterministic processes dominated microbial assembly in healthy soils during the first 75 d, subsequently shifting toward stochastic processes”
Claim · model-written summary
Diseased-soil assembly was consistently deterministic.
- Outcome
- consistently deterministic assemblye0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“diseased soils exhibited a consistently deterministic assembly”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil type influenced distribution of key microbial groups.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“variations in soil types influenced the distribution of key microbial groups”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroflexi was enriched in healthy soils.
- Taxon
- ChloroflexiChloroflexotae0
- Outcome
- enriched in healthy soilse0
- Qualifier
- Bryobacter, Bacillus, Preussia, and Tausoniae0
Schema note from the model: Additional distinct taxa grouped to respect the 20-claim budget.
Verbatim
e0“Chloroflexi, Bryobacter, Bacillus, Preussia, and Tausonia, were enriched in healthy soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Lysobacter dominated diseased soils.
- Taxon
- Lysobacter
Lysobactere0 - Outcome
- dominated in diseased soilse0
- Qualifier
- Arthrobacter, Fusarium, and Lecterae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Additional distinct taxa grouped to respect the 20-claim budget.
Verbatim
e0“Lysobacter, Arthrobacter, Fusarium, and Lectera were dominated in diseased soils”
Claim · model-written summary
The three key metabolites correlated positively with disease-enriched microbes.
Verbatim
e0“the three key DMs correlated positively with disease-enriched microbes but negatively with health-associated taxa”
e1“Aesculin, 8-Deoxy-11-hydroxy-13-chlorogrosheimin, and N-Gluconyl ethanolamine phosphate were identified as key DMs”
Claim · model-written summary
The three key metabolites correlated negatively with health-associated taxa.
Verbatim
e0“the three key DMs correlated positively with disease-enriched microbes but negatively with health-associated taxa”
e1“Aesculin, 8-Deoxy-11-hydroxy-13-chlorogrosheimin, and N-Gluconyl ethanolamine phosphate were identified as key DMs”