Abstract
Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in urban environments, such as zero hunger and agriculture and food security, requires strategies that increase food and biofuel production without adding extra pressure on urban freshwater resources. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of rooftop and container agriculture in Mediterranean urban environments using two alternative water sources, including domestic greywater and atmospheric fog harvesting. Maize and sunflower are studied as strategic multipurpose crops due to their suitability for selected systems, adaptability to urban microclimates, and double applications in food and biofuel production. The analysis includes an assessment of urban cultivation areas, fog harvesting potential, greywater quality, and selected crop water requirements, besides the importance of simultaneous consideration of food and energy security. Moreover, the detection methods for suitable areas, the potential rooftop and garden agriculture in some case studies, and the feasibility analysis of urban farming in rooftop and container agriculture using fog and greywater has been explored. Results indicate that domestic greywater, produced continuously within households, can satisfy the full irrigation demand for both crops across the entire growing season, while fog harvesting can supply a maximum value of 28% for sunflowers and 34% for maize water requirements. Moreover, the analysis determined that fog water is suitable for direct irrigation, whereas greywater may be used directly for biofuel-oriented agriculture or applied to food crops following a pre-treatment. In conclusion, the investigation demonstrates that combining fog harvesting with greywater reuse provides a practical and decentralized approach to support urban agriculture for multipurpose crops, enhance local food and energy resilience, and reduce dependence on potable-water networks.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Domestic greywater can satisfy the full irrigation demand of maize and sunflower across the growing season.
- Taxon
- Maize and sunflower
Helianthus annuus
Zea mayse1 - Treatment
- domestic greywatere0
- Outcome
- satisfy the full irrigation demande0
- Qualifier
- across the entire growing seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“domestic greywater, produced continuously within households, can satisfy the full irrigation demand for both crops across the entire growing season”
e1“Maize and sunflower are studied as strategic multipurpose crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Fog harvesting can supply a maximum of 28% of sunflower water requirements.
- Taxon
- sunflowers
Helianthuse0 - Treatment
- fog harvestinge0
- Outcome
- water requirementse0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Qualifier
- maximum valuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fog harvesting can supply a maximum value of 28% for sunflowers and 34% for maize water requirements”
e1“Maize and sunflower are studied as strategic multipurpose crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Fog harvesting can supply a maximum of 34% of maize water requirements.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fog harvesting can supply a maximum value of 28% for sunflowers and 34% for maize water requirements”
e1“Maize and sunflower are studied as strategic multipurpose crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Fog water is suitable for direct irrigation.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the analysis determined that fog water is suitable for direct irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Greywater may be used directly for biofuel-oriented agriculture or applied to food crops after pre-treatment.
Verbatim
e0“greywater may be used directly for biofuel-oriented agriculture or applied to food crops following a pre-treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining fog harvesting with greywater reuse provides a practical and decentralized approach for urban agriculture of multipurpose crops.
Verbatim
e0“combining fog harvesting with greywater reuse provides a practical and decentralized approach to support urban agriculture for multipurpose crops”