Abstract
Abstract Dual-purpose crops have become an indispensable part of crop-livestock systems. However, selecting suitable crops and implementing dual-purpose management pose unpredictable challenges to achieving suitable yields and economic returns. This study analyzed the effects of two treatments (grain and grain + forage) on the yield and photosynthetic and antioxidant properties of four crops (barley, triticale, oat, and wheat) over three growing seasons (2021–2022, season 1; 2022–2023, season 2; and 2023–2024, season 3) and assessed the yield and economic benefits. Compared to oat, barley, and triticale, grain + forage reduced ( P < 0.05) the fresh matter and dry matter yields of wheat in the post-cutting growth period and grain yield at harvest. The fresh matter and dry matter yields at harvest of grain + forage were reduced ( P < 0.05) by 31.7% and 21.5% compared with those of grain only, respectively. The factor analysis model constructed based on photosynthetic and antioxidant indicators (13 indicators) was ordered season 1 > season 2 > season 3 based on season, oat > wheat > triticale > barley based on crop, and grain only > grain + forage based on cropping system. Dual-purpose cropping demonstrated economic viability and sustainability by improving the harvest index despite reduced grain yield. However, the instability of rainfall has become the most critical natural factor limiting the promotion of dual-purpose crop management. When considering dual-purpose or grain-only cropping systems, oat emerged as the optimal choice, whereas for forage production, barley was the ideal singular crop.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with oat, barley and triticale, grain + forage reduced fresh and dry matter yields of wheat in the post-cutting growth period (P < 0.05).
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- grain + foragee1
- Outcome
- fresh matter and dry matter yieldse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- post-cutting growth periode1
- Comparator
- oat, barley, and triticalee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared to oat, barley, and triticale, grain + forage reduced ( P < 0.05) the fresh matter and dry matter yields of wheat in the post-cutting growth period”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with oat, barley and triticale, grain + forage reduced wheat grain yield at harvest (P < 0.05).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- grain + foragee1
- Outcome
- grain yield at harveste1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- oat, barley, and triticalee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared to oat, barley, and triticale, grain + forage reduced ( P < 0.05) the fresh matter and dry matter yields of wheat in the post-cutting growth period and grain yield at harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh matter yield at harvest was reduced by 31.7% under grain + forage compared with grain only (P < 0.05).
- Taxon
- barley, triticale, oat, and wheat
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgareTriticum aestivum
×Triticosecale
Avena sativae0 - Treatment
- grain + foragee1
- Outcome
- fresh mattere1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 31.7%e1
- Comparator
- grain onlye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“four crops (barley, triticale, oat, and wheat)”
e1“The fresh matter and dry matter yields at harvest of grain + forage were reduced ( P < 0.05) by 31.7% and 21.5% compared with those of grain only, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry matter yield at harvest was reduced by 21.5% under grain + forage compared with grain only (P < 0.05).
- Taxon
- barley, triticale, oat, and wheatHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivum×TriticosecaleAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- grain + foragee1
- Outcome
- dry matter yieldse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 21.5%e1
- Comparator
- grain onlye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“four crops (barley, triticale, oat, and wheat)”
e1“The fresh matter and dry matter yields at harvest of grain + forage were reduced ( P < 0.05) by 31.7% and 21.5% compared with those of grain only, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The factor analysis model based on 13 photosynthetic and antioxidant indicators ordered the seasons season 1 > season 2 > season 3.
- Taxon
- barley, triticale, oat, and wheatHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivum×TriticosecaleAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- factor analysis modele1
- Value
- season 1 > season 2 > season 3e1
- Qualifier
- based on seasone1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“four crops (barley, triticale, oat, and wheat)”
e1“The factor analysis model constructed based on photosynthetic and antioxidant indicators (13 indicators) was ordered season 1 > season 2 > season 3 based on season, oat > wheat > triticale > barley based on crop, and grain only > grain + forage based on cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
The factor analysis model ordered the crops oat > wheat > triticale > barley.
- Taxon
- barley, triticale, oat, and wheatHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivum×TriticosecaleAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- factor analysis modele1
- Value
- oat > wheat > triticale > barleye1
- Qualifier
- based on crope1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“four crops (barley, triticale, oat, and wheat)”
e1“The factor analysis model constructed based on photosynthetic and antioxidant indicators (13 indicators) was ordered season 1 > season 2 > season 3 based on season, oat > wheat > triticale > barley based on crop, and grain only > grain + forage based on cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
The factor analysis model ordered the cropping systems grain only > grain + forage.
- Taxon
- barley, triticale, oat, and wheatHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivum×TriticosecaleAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- factor analysis modele1
- Value
- grain only > grain + foragee1
- Qualifier
- based on cropping systeme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“four crops (barley, triticale, oat, and wheat)”
e1“The factor analysis model constructed based on photosynthetic and antioxidant indicators (13 indicators) was ordered season 1 > season 2 > season 3 based on season, oat > wheat > triticale > barley based on crop, and grain only > grain + forage based on cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual-purpose cropping showed economic viability and sustainability by improving the harvest index despite reduced grain yield.
- Taxon
- barley, triticale, oat, and wheatHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivum×TriticosecaleAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- Dual-purpose croppinge1
- Outcome
- economic viability and sustainabilitye1
- Qualifier
- improving the harvest index despite reduced grain yielde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“four crops (barley, triticale, oat, and wheat)”
e1“Dual-purpose cropping demonstrated economic viability and sustainability by improving the harvest index despite reduced grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors state that rainfall instability is the most critical natural factor limiting promotion of dual-purpose crop management.
- Taxon
- barley, triticale, oat, and wheatHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivum×TriticosecaleAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- most critical natural factor limiting the promotion of dual-purpose crop managemente1
- Qualifier
- instability of rainfalle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“four crops (barley, triticale, oat, and wheat)”
e1“the instability of rainfall has become the most critical natural factor limiting the promotion of dual-purpose crop management”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend oat as the optimal choice for dual-purpose or grain-only cropping systems.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae1
- Outcome
- optimal choicee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“When considering dual-purpose or grain-only cropping systems, oat emerged as the optimal choice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend barley as the ideal single crop for forage production.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- ideal singular crope1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“for forage production, barley was the ideal singular crop”