Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most significant diseases in wheat globally, affecting about 200 million tons of grain per year through mycotoxin contamination. Besides yield losses, mycotoxin contamination is a major concern. FHB resistance in wheat is partial and polygenic, and since the efficacy of plant protection measures is generally weak-to-moderate, an integrated approach is needed for successful control. We evaluated a more comprehensive methodology for improved protection; in this two-year study, five registered organic products and six conventional products were compared under artificial and natural infection conditions. The disease index (DI), Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDKs) and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination were evaluated. The stability of the fungicides was also evaluated based on 10 epidemic conditions. The organic fungicides showed much lower efficacy than the conventional ones, although significant reductions in symptoms and DON contamination were observed. In each group, significant variability was detected. The best fungicides for DON contamination showed the lowest variance (highest stability) between 10 and 20 (Verben, Prosaro, Ascra Xpro). The organic fungicides were much less stable; the least stable showed a variance of 141 (Fusarium control: 264). The best organic fungicide was the Bordeaux mixture supported by sulfur addition (variance: 54). The DI and FDK values presented very similar trends. For the more resistant cultivar GK Pilis, the combined DON reduction exceeded 90% for all fungicides. For the most susceptible cultivar, GK Békés, the values were between 30 and 83%, respectively. High resistance to FHB and toxin contamination is the key to controlling FHB in both organic and conventional production. For efficient fungicide control, stable resistance to disease and toxin accumulation are equally required. Principal component analysis (PCA) verified the importance of considering all traits to identify the fungicidal “fingerprint” and demonstrated the differences between fungicides regardless of their organic or conventional nature. PC response differs for traits and fungicides, supporting the complex evaluation of plant and fungicide behavior. Knowledge of resistance levels, in addition to improving mycotoxin control, aids in disease forecasting and epidemic management. The results are applicable to both organic and conventional production systems. Due to the variability in resistance and fungicidal effects, there is an opportunity to improve food safety in both organic and conventional wheat production.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fungicides had much lower efficacy than conventional fungicides.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- much lowere0
- Comparator
- the conventional onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Production”
e0“The organic fungicides showed much lower efficacy than the conventional ones”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fungicides significantly reduced symptoms and DON contamination.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- organic fungicidese1
- Outcome
- symptoms and DON contaminatione0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Production”
e0“significant reductions in symptoms and DON contamination were observed”
e1“The organic fungicides showed much lower efficacy than the conventional ones”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicides varied significantly within both organic and conventional groups.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- variabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Production”
e0“In each group, significant variability was detected”
Claim · model-written summary
The best fungicides for DON contamination had variance between 10 and 20.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Verben, Prosaro, Ascra Xproe0
- Outcome
- variancee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- between 10 and 20e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Production”
e0“The best fungicides for DON contamination showed the lowest variance (highest stability) between 10 and 20 (Verben, Prosaro, Ascra Xpro)”
Claim · model-written summary
The least stable organic fungicide had variance of 141.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- variancee0
- Direction
- least stablee0
- Value
- 141e0
- Qualifier
- Fusarium control: 264e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Production”
e0“The organic fungicides were much less stable; the least stable showed a variance of 141 (Fusarium control: 264)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bordeaux mixture with sulfur was the best organic fungicide, with variance 54.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bordeaux mixture supported by sulfur additione0
- Outcome
- variancee0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 54e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Production”
e0“The best organic fungicide was the Bordeaux mixture supported by sulfur addition (variance: 54)”
Claim · model-written summary
DI and FDK showed similar trends.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- DI and FDK valuese0
- Direction
- very similar trendse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Production”
e0“The DI and FDK values presented very similar trends”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined DON reduction exceeded 90% for all fungicides in GK Pilis.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- GK Pilise0
- Treatment
- all fungicidese0
- Outcome
- DON reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- exceeded 90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Production”
e0“For the more resistant cultivar GK Pilis, the combined DON reduction exceeded 90% for all fungicides”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined DON reduction in GK Békés was between 30 and 83%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- GK Békése0
- Outcome
- valuese0
- Value
- between 30 and 83%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Production”
e0“For the most susceptible cultivar, GK Békés, the values were between 30 and 83%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
PCA distinguished fungicides and showed the importance of considering all traits.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- differences between fungicidese0
- Comparator
- organic or conventional naturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Production”
e0“Principal component analysis (PCA) verified the importance of considering all traits to identify the fungicidal “fingerprint” and demonstrated the differences between fungicides regardless of their organic or conventional nature”
Claim · model-written summary
PC response differed by traits and fungicides.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- PC responsee0
- Direction
- differse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Production”
e0“PC response differs for traits and fungicides”
Claim · model-written summary
Stable resistance to disease and toxin accumulation is required for efficient fungicide control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- stable resistance to disease and toxin accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Production”
e0“For efficient fungicide control, stable resistance to disease and toxin accumulation are equally required”
The same questions in other papers
fungicide · disease · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
134 papers in the same direction as this paper · 19 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative
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