Abstract
Objective This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile, mineral composition, and biological activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts prepared from the aerial and underground parts of Cerinthe major L. Methods Phytochemicals and mineral elements were analyzed using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and ICP-OES, respectively. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH ● , ABTS ●+ , β-carotene–linoleic acid, and reducing power assays, while anti-cholinesterase, anti-urease, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, cytotoxicity, and in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) were also assessed. Results The aqueous extract showed the strongest butyrylcholinesterase inhibition (IC 50 = 58.80 ± 1.43 µg/mL), whereas the ethanolic extract exhibited higher acetylcholinesterase inhibition (IC 50 = 665.87 ± 13.01 µg/mL). Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was weak, requiring relatively high extract concentrations to inhibit growth. In the yeast cytotoxicity assay, neither extract showed detectable toxic effects on Saccharomyces cerevisiae within the tested concentration range, suggesting favorable biocompatibility in this model. ICP-OES analysis revealed that Cerinthe major extracts are rich in macro- and microelements, with several essential elements present at levels close to FAO dietary recommendations, highlighting their nutritional relevance. Cerinthe major provided moderate UV protection, with SPF values ranging from 32.82 ± 0.17 to 35.78 ± 0.12, and displayed strong antioxidant potential in all assays. Conclusion The ethanolic extract of Cerinthe major , characterized by a richer LC-MS/MS phytochemical profile than the aqueous extract, together with the high levels of macro- and microelements revealed by ICP-OES, suggests that this species is a promising source of minerals and bioactive compounds with potential nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The aqueous extract showed the strongest butyrylcholinesterase inhibition, with IC 50 = 58.80 ± 1.43 µg/mL.
- Taxon
- Cerinthe major L.
.jpg?width=60)
Cerinthe majort0 - Material
- aqueous extracte0
- Outcome
- butyrylcholinesterase inhibitione0
- Direction
- strongeste0
- Value
- 58.80 ± 1.43 µg/mLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The aqueous extract showed the strongest butyrylcholinesterase inhibition (IC 50 = 58.80 ± 1.43 µg/mL)”
t0“Cerinthe major L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The ethanolic extract had higher acetylcholinesterase inhibition, with IC 50 = 665.87 ± 13.01 µg/mL.
- Taxon
- Cerinthe major L.Cerinthe majort0
- Material
- ethanolic extracte0
- Outcome
- acetylcholinesterase inhibitione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 665.87 ± 13.01 µg/mLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ethanolic extract exhibited higher acetylcholinesterase inhibition (IC 50 = 665.87 ± 13.01 µg/mL)”
t0“Cerinthe major L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The extracts had weak antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922.
- Taxon
- Cerinthe major L.Cerinthe majort0
- Interactor
- Escherichia coli ATCC 25922
.jpg?width=60)
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922e0other - Outcome
- Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922e0
- Direction
- weake0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was weak, requiring relatively high extract concentrations to inhibit growth”
t0“Cerinthe major L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Neither extract had detectable toxicity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae within the tested range.
- Taxon
- Cerinthe major L.Cerinthe majort0
- Interactor
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiaee0other - Outcome
- toxic effects on Saccharomyces cerevisiaee0
- Direction
- neithere0
- Qualifier
- tested concentration rangee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neither extract showed detectable toxic effects on Saccharomyces cerevisiae within the tested concentration range”
t0“Cerinthe major L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cerinthe major extracts contained abundant macro- and microelements.
- Taxon
- Cerinthe majorCerinthe majore0
- Outcome
- macro- and microelementse0
- Direction
- riche0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cerinthe major extracts are rich in macro- and microelements”
Claim · model-written summary
Several essential elements in the extracts were near FAO dietary recommendations.
- Taxon
- Cerinthe major L.Cerinthe majort0
- Outcome
- essential elementse0
- Direction
- close toe0
- Comparator
- FAO dietary recommendationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“several essential elements present at levels close to FAO dietary recommendations”
t0“Cerinthe major L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cerinthe major extracts provided moderate UV protection, with SPF values from 32.82 ± 0.17 to 35.78 ± 0.12.
- Taxon
- Cerinthe majorCerinthe majore0
- Outcome
- UV protectione0
- Direction
- moderatee0
- Value
- 32.82 ± 0.17 to 35.78 ± 0.12e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cerinthe major provided moderate UV protection, with SPF values ranging from 32.82 ± 0.17 to 35.78 ± 0.12”
Claim · model-written summary
Cerinthe major extracts showed strong antioxidant potential in all assays.
- Taxon
- Cerinthe major L.Cerinthe majort0
- Outcome
- antioxidant potentiale0
- Direction
- stronge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“displayed strong antioxidant potential in all assays”
t0“Cerinthe major L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The ethanolic extract had a richer LC-MS/MS phytochemical profile than the aqueous extract.
- Taxon
- Cerinthe majorCerinthe majore0
- Material
- ethanolic extracte0
- Outcome
- LC-MS/MS phytochemical profilee0
- Direction
- richere0
- Comparator
- aqueous extracte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ethanolic extract of Cerinthe major , characterized by a richer LC-MS/MS phytochemical profile than the aqueous extract”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest Cerinthe major as a source of minerals and bioactive compounds for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical uses.
- Taxon
- Cerinthe major L.Cerinthe majort0
- Outcome
- promising source of minerals and bioactive compounds with potential nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applicationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this species is a promising source of minerals and bioactive compounds with potential nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications”
t0“Cerinthe major L.”