Abstract
Bryophytes have attracted increasing interest due to their unique repertoire of bioactive compounds. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and biological activities of methanolic extracts obtained from four Sphagnum taxa (Sphagnum compactum, Sphagnum teres, Sphagnum subsecundum and Sphagnum nemoreum). Preliminary phytochemical screening indicated the presence of phenolic compounds, while alkaloids were not detected. Subsequent LC–MS/MS analysis enabled the identification of several phenolic constituents, including myricetin, quercetin, cinnamic acid, rutin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and ascorbic acid. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated that S. teres and S. compactum exhibited the strongest activity, particularly against Corynebacterium xerosis, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus cereus and Candida utilis, whereas the remaining taxa showed moderate to low antimicrobial effects, mainly against Gram-positive bacteria. Antioxidant capacity, assessed using DPPH and phosphomolybdate assays, was notable and dose-dependent, while comparatively lower activity was observed in the CUPRAC assay. Cytotoxicity evaluations performed on MKN-28 human gastric cancer cells and normal human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cells revealed no significant toxic effects at the tested concentrations. Overall, Sphagnum extracts demonstrated selective antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, supporting their potential relevance for future pharmaceutical and industrial applications.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolic compounds were present in the Sphagnum extracts.
- Outcome
- presence of phenolic compoundse0
SphagnumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Preliminary phytochemical screening indicated the presence of phenolic compounds”
t0“Sphagnum species”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkaloids were not detected in Sphagnum extracts.
- Outcome
- alkaloids were not detectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alkaloids were not detected”
t0“Sphagnum species”
Claim · model-written summary
LC–MS/MS identified myricetin, quercetin and cinnamic acid in the extracts.
- Outcome
- myricetin, quercetin, cinnamic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“identification of several phenolic constituents, including myricetin, quercetin, cinnamic acid”
t0“Sphagnum species”
Claim · model-written summary
LC–MS/MS identified rutin, gallic acid and caffeic acid.
- Outcome
- rutin, gallic acid, caffeic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rutin, gallic acid, caffeic acid”
t0“Sphagnum species”
Claim · model-written summary
LC–MS/MS identified chlorogenic acid and ascorbic acid.
- Outcome
- chlorogenic acid and ascorbic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorogenic acid and ascorbic acid”
t0“Sphagnum species”
Claim · model-written summary
S. teres showed strong antimicrobial activity, particularly against the named test organisms.
- Taxon
- S. teres
Sphagnum terese0 - Interactor
- Corynebacterium xerosis
Corynebacterium xerosise0other - Outcome
- strongest activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S. teres and S. compactum exhibited the strongest activity, particularly against Corynebacterium xerosis, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus cereus and Candida utilis”
Claim · model-written summary
S. compactum showed strong antimicrobial activity.
- Taxon
- S. compactum
Sphagnum compactume0 - Outcome
- strongest activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S. teres and S. compactum exhibited the strongest activity”
Claim · model-written summary
The remaining Sphagnum taxa had moderate to low antimicrobial effects.
- Outcome
- moderate to low antimicrobial effectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the remaining taxa showed moderate to low antimicrobial effects, mainly against Gram-positive bacteria”
t0“Sphagnum species”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant capacity was notable and dose-dependent by DPPH and phosphomolybdate assays.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Antioxidant capacity, assessed using DPPH and phosphomolybdate assays, was notable and dose-dependent”
t0“Sphagnum species”
Claim · model-written summary
CUPRAC assay showed comparatively lower antioxidant activity.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“comparatively lower activity was observed in the CUPRAC assay”
t0“Sphagnum species”
Claim · model-written summary
Extracts had no significant toxic effects in the tested human cell lines.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant toxic effects at the tested concentrations”
t0“Sphagnum species”