Abstract
Soil salinization has become a major ecological issue that limits plant growth and development by disrupting nutrient uptake and imposing ionic stress. This study examined the prolonged responses of morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, as well as the expression of six vacuolar Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter (NHX) genes of the Populus alba L. “Villafranca” clone under 0, 60, 120, and 180 mM NaCl. P. alba L. “Villafranca” was able to tolerate a salt treatment of 60 mM NaCl without changes in height, biomass, although stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis were slightly reduced beginning in week two. At 180 mM, chlorosis and abscission in basal leaves were evident, and organ fresh weight decreased. Total chlorophyll remained stable until later in the treatment. Na⁺ accumulation increased under 180 mM NaCl in tissues except apical stems, consistent with partial exclusion/compartmentation. K⁺ concentration decreased in roots, whereas it increased in leaves, maintaining the K⁺/Na⁺ balance. The level of Ca 2+ increased in leaves as the stress concentration increased, supporting signaling and membrane selectivity. Phenylpropanoid pathway was induced under high stress, and proline increased under 60 mM NaCl but decreased at 180 mM. The expression of NHX genes remained stable under 60 mM NaCl in roots, basal, and apical leaves, but most were downregulated at 180 mM. Overall, these results highlight the complex, species-specific responses of poplar to salt stress and indicate that P. alba “Villafranca” is moderately salt-tolerant, maintaining physiological and ionic stability up to 60 mM NaCl.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Height and biomass did not change at 60 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- Populus alba
Populus albat0 - Treatment
- 60 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- height, biomasse0
- Direction
- without changese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. alba L. “Villafranca” was able to tolerate a salt treatment of 60 mM NaCl without changes in height, biomass, although stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis were slightly reduced beginning in week two.”
t0“Integrated physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis of Populus alba “Villafranca” under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis declined slightly from week two at 60 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- Populus albaPopulus albat0
- Treatment
- 60 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance and net photosynthesise0
- Direction
- slightly reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. alba L. “Villafranca” was able to tolerate a salt treatment of 60 mM NaCl without changes in height, biomass, although stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis were slightly reduced beginning in week two.”
t0“Integrated physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis of Populus alba “Villafranca” under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorosis and abscission were evident in basal leaves at 180 mM.
- Taxon
- Populus albaPopulus albat0
- Organ / stage
- basal leavese0
- Treatment
- 180 mMe0
- Outcome
- chlorosis and abscissione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 180 mM, chlorosis and abscission in basal leaves were evident, and organ fresh weight decreased.”
t0“Integrated physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis of Populus alba “Villafranca” under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Organ fresh weight decreased at 180 mM.
- Taxon
- Populus albaPopulus albat0
- Treatment
- 180 mMe0
- Outcome
- organ fresh weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 180 mM, chlorosis and abscission in basal leaves were evident, and organ fresh weight decreased.”
t0“Integrated physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis of Populus alba “Villafranca” under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Total chlorophyll remained stable until later in the treatment.
- Taxon
- Populus albaPopulus albat0
- Outcome
- Total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- remained stablee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total chlorophyll remained stable until later in the treatment.”
t0“Integrated physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis of Populus alba “Villafranca” under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Na⁺ accumulation increased under 180 mM NaCl except in apical stems.
- Taxon
- Populus albaPopulus albat0
- Treatment
- 180 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- Na⁺ accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Na⁺ accumulation increased under 180 mM NaCl in tissues except apical stems, consistent with partial exclusion/compartmentation.”
t0“Integrated physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis of Populus alba “Villafranca” under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
K⁺ concentration decreased in roots.
- Taxon
- Populus albaPopulus albat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- K⁺ concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K⁺ concentration decreased in roots, whereas it increased in leaves, maintaining the K⁺/Na⁺ balance.”
t0“Integrated physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis of Populus alba “Villafranca” under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
K⁺ concentration increased in leaves.
- Taxon
- Populus albaPopulus albat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- K⁺ concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K⁺ concentration decreased in roots, whereas it increased in leaves, maintaining the K⁺/Na⁺ balance.”
t0“Integrated physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis of Populus alba “Villafranca” under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf Ca 2+ increased with stress concentration.
- Taxon
- Populus albaPopulus albat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- level of Ca 2+e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The level of Ca 2+ increased in leaves as the stress concentration increased, supporting signaling and membrane selectivity.”
t0“Integrated physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis of Populus alba “Villafranca” under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The phenylpropanoid pathway was induced under high stress.
- Taxon
- Populus albaPopulus albat0
- Treatment
- high stresse0
- Outcome
- Phenylpropanoid pathwaye0
- Direction
- inducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phenylpropanoid pathway was induced under high stress, and proline increased under 60 mM NaCl but decreased at 180 mM.”
t0“Integrated physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis of Populus alba “Villafranca” under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased at 60 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- Populus albaPopulus albat0
- Treatment
- 60 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phenylpropanoid pathway was induced under high stress, and proline increased under 60 mM NaCl but decreased at 180 mM.”
t0“Integrated physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis of Populus alba “Villafranca” under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline decreased at 180 mM.
- Taxon
- Populus albaPopulus albat0
- Treatment
- 180 mMe0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phenylpropanoid pathway was induced under high stress, and proline increased under 60 mM NaCl but decreased at 180 mM.”
t0“Integrated physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis of Populus alba “Villafranca” under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
NHX expression remained stable at 60 mM NaCl in roots and leaves.
- Taxon
- Populus albaPopulus albat0
- Treatment
- 60 mM NaCle0
- Gene
- NHX genese0
- Outcome
- expression of NHX genese0
- Direction
- remained stablee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression of NHX genes remained stable under 60 mM NaCl in roots, basal, and apical leaves, but most were downregulated at 180 mM.”
t0“Integrated physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis of Populus alba “Villafranca” under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Most NHX genes were downregulated at 180 mM.
- Taxon
- Populus albaPopulus albat0
- Treatment
- 180 mMe0
- Gene
- NHX genese0
- Outcome
- NHX genese0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression of NHX genes remained stable under 60 mM NaCl in roots, basal, and apical leaves, but most were downregulated at 180 mM.”
t0“Integrated physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis of Populus alba “Villafranca” under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors characterize Villafranca as moderately salt tolerant up to 60 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- Populus albaPopulus albat0
- Treatment
- 60 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- moderately salt-tolerante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, these results highlight the complex, species-specific responses of poplar to salt stress and indicate that P. alba “Villafranca” is moderately salt-tolerant, maintaining physiological and ionic stability up to 60 mM NaCl.”
t0“Integrated physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis of Populus alba “Villafranca” under salinity stress”