Abstract
ABSTRACT The genus Globba (Zingiberaceae) comprises over 100 species distributed worldwide, with a primary concentration in Southeast Asia. These plants are of significant interest due to their distinctive and delicate floral morphology as well as their potential medicinal value. In this study, we assembled and characterized the complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of three species: Globba racemosa, G. “Mermaid Princess,” and G. “Ziyan” . Each genome displayed the typical angiosperm quadripartite structure, with total lengths of 163,141 bp, 163,487 bp, and 163,535 bp, respectively. Genome annotation identified 133–134 unique genes, comprising 87 protein‐coding genes, 38–39 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs. Annotation and comparative analysis of a total of 11 Globba chloroplast genomes revealed that the trnG‐GCC gene was present in two copies exclusively in G. multiflora and G. racemosa , while the trnQ‐UUG gene was specifically absent from the chloroplast genome of G. atrosanguinea . Comparative genomic analysis indicated high synteny across all genomes, with no large‐scale structural rearrangements detected; however, variations at the inverted repeat (IR) boundaries involving the ycf1 and ndhF genes were observed. Codon usage bias analysis demonstrated a strong preference for A/U‐ending codons (RSCU > 1.0), with leucine (Leu), threonine (Thr), and arginine (Arg) being the most frequently encoded amino acids, and 17 optimal codons were identified. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis showed that the total number of SSRs per genome ranged from 60 to 70. Combined analyses of ENC‐plot, PR2‐plot, Neutral‐plot, and BUSTED indicated that codon usage patterns in Globba chloroplast genomes are primarily shaped by mutation pressure. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on 11 complete chloroplast genome sequences revealed that all species were monophyletically grouped into two primary clades. These newly generated cp genomes provide valuable genomic resources for enhancing phylogenetic resolution, elucidating molecular evolutionary patterns, informing conservation strategies, and supporting further research on ornamental and medicinal plants within Globba .
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
The three Globba chloroplast genomes have lengths of 163,141 bp, 163,487 bp and 163,535 bp, respectively.
Verbatim
e0“Globba racemosa, G. “Mermaid Princess,” and G. “Ziyan””
e1“total lengths of 163,141 bp, 163,487 bp, and 163,535 bp, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The annotated Globba chloroplast genomes contain 133–134 unique genes.
GlobbaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Globba Species”
e0“Genome annotation identified 133–134 unique genes, comprising 87 protein‐coding genes, 38–39 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs”
Claim · model-written summary
The trnG‐GCC gene occurs in two copies only in G. multiflora and G. racemosa among 11 Globba genomes.
- Taxon
- G. multiflora and G. racemosa
Globba multiflora
Globba racemosae0 - Gene
- trnG‐GCCe0
- Outcome
- present in two copiese0
- Value
- two copiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“trnG‐GCC gene was present in two copies exclusively in G. multiflora and G. racemosa”
Claim · model-written summary
The trnQ‐UUG gene is absent from the G. atrosanguinea chloroplast genome.
- Taxon
- G. atrosanguinea
_flower_(23235278885).jpg?width=60)
Globba atrosanguineae0 - Gene
- trnQ‐UUGe0
- Outcome
- specifically absente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_flower_(23235278885).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“trnQ‐UUG gene was specifically absent from the chloroplast genome of G. atrosanguinea”
Claim · model-written summary
Globba chloroplast genomes showed high synteny without large-scale structural rearrangements.
- Outcome
- high synteny across all genomes, with no large‐scale structural rearrangements detectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Globba Species”
e0“high synteny across all genomes, with no large‐scale structural rearrangements detected”
Claim · model-written summary
The inverted repeat boundaries varied around ycf1 and ndhF.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Globba Species”
e0“variations at the inverted repeat (IR) boundaries involving the ycf1 and ndhF genes were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Globba chloroplast codon usage favors A/U‐ending codons.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Globba Species”
e0“strong preference for A/U‐ending codons (RSCU > 1.0)”
Claim · model-written summary
Leucine, threonine and arginine were the most frequently encoded amino acids.
- Outcome
- most frequently encoded amino acidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Globba Species”
e0“leucine (Leu), threonine (Thr), and arginine (Arg) being the most frequently encoded amino acids”
Claim · model-written summary
Seventeen optimal codons were identified.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Globba Species”
e0“17 optimal codons were identified”
Claim · model-written summary
Globba chloroplast genomes contained 60 to 70 simple sequence repeats per genome.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Globba Species”
e0“total number of SSRs per genome ranged from 60 to 70”
Claim · model-written summary
Mutation pressure primarily shaped Globba chloroplast codon usage patterns.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“codon usage patterns in Globba chloroplast genomes are primarily shaped by mutation pressure”
Claim · model-written summary
Eleven Globba species formed two primary monophyletic clades in chloroplast phylogeny.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“11 complete chloroplast genome sequences revealed that all species were monophyletically grouped into two primary clades”
t0“Globba Species”
Claim · model-written summary
The study provides newly generated Globba chloroplast genomes as genomic resources.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These newly generated cp genomes provide valuable genomic resources for enhancing phylogenetic resolution”
t0“Globba Species”