Abstract
Introduction: This study integrated field experiments with the HYDRUS-2D model to investigate the effects of water-nitrogen coupling on winter wheat yield and nitrogen transformation. Materials and methods: Field trials incorporated two irrigation regimes-conventional irrigation (75%-100% of field capacity) and drought stress (50%-60% of field capacity)-alongside three nitrogen application rates (100, 200, and 300 kg/ha) applied during the jointing and filling stages. The primary objective was to evaluate the impact of drought and rewatering on the spatiotemporal distribution, transformation, and leaching of soil nitrogen, and to assess the HYDRUS-2D model's applicability in simulating non-steady-state water-nitrogen dynamics. Results: The results indicated that the HYDRUS-2D model demonstrated high accuracy in simulating the spatiotemporal dynamics of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, with coefficients of determination R2 exceeding 0.78 and both RMSE and MAE values below 5.97. Regarding nitrogen transformation, drought during the jointing stage significantly inhibited nitrification, leading to the accumulation of ammonium nitrogen in the 0-40 cm soil layer. Upon rewatering, the rapid conversion of ammonium to nitrate nitrogen enhanced leaching into deeper soil layers (40-100 cm). Conversely, drought during the filling stage had a minimal impact on nitrogen transformation and posed a comparatively lower risk of nitrate leaching following rewatering. Finally, nitrogen application significantly influenced crop yield; moderate application (200 kg/ha) combined with adequate irrigation maximized winter wheat yield, whereas excessive application resulted in nitrogen loss and yield reduction. Discussion: These findings validate the model's predictive capability and provide theoretical insights for optimizing water and nitrogen management to enhance crop yield and mitigate environmental pollution under water resource constraints.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
HYDRUS-2D simulated ammonium and nitrate dynamics with R2 above 0.78.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- coefficients of determination R2e0
- Direction
- exceedinge0
- Value
- 0.78e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that the HYDRUS-2D model demonstrated high accuracy in simulating the spatiotemporal dynamics of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, with coefficients of determination R2 exceeding 0.78 and both RMSE and MAE values below 5.97”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
HYDRUS-2D simulations had RMSE and MAE below 5.97.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- RMSE and MAE valuese0
- Direction
- belowe0
- Value
- 5.97e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both RMSE and MAE values below 5.97”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Jointing-stage drought significantly inhibited nitrification.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- drought during the jointing stagee0
- Outcome
- nitrificatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought during the jointing stage significantly inhibited nitrification”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Jointing-stage drought led to ammonium accumulation in the 0-40 cm soil layer.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- drought during the jointing stagee0
- Outcome
- accumulation of ammonium nitrogene0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
- Qualifier
- 0-40 cm soil layere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought during the jointing stage significantly inhibited nitrification, leading to the accumulation of ammonium nitrogen in the 0-40 cm soil layer”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
After rewatering, ammonium converted rapidly to nitrate.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rewateringe0
- Outcome
- rapid conversion of ammonium to nitrate nitrogene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon rewatering, the rapid conversion of ammonium to nitrate nitrogen enhanced leaching into deeper soil layers (40-100 cm)”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rewatering enhanced nitrate leaching into 40-100 cm soil.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rewateringe0
- Outcome
- leaching into deeper soil layerse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- 40-100 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon rewatering, the rapid conversion of ammonium to nitrate nitrogen enhanced leaching into deeper soil layers (40-100 cm)”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Filling-stage drought minimally affected nitrogen transformation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- drought during the filling stagee0
- Outcome
- nitrogen transformatione0
- Direction
- minimal impacte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought during the filling stage had a minimal impact on nitrogen transformation”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Filling-stage drought had lower nitrate-leaching risk after rewatering.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- drought during the filling stagee0
- Outcome
- risk of nitrate leachinge0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- following rewateringe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought during the filling stage had a minimal impact on nitrogen transformation and posed a comparatively lower risk of nitrate leaching following rewatering”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application significantly influenced crop yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- crop yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen application significantly influenced crop yield”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
A 200 kg/ha nitrogen rate with adequate irrigation maximized wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- moderate application (200 kg/ha) combined with adequate irrigatione0
- Outcome
- winter wheat yielde0
- Direction
- maximizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate application (200 kg/ha) combined with adequate irrigation maximized winter wheat yield”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive nitrogen application caused nitrogen loss.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- excessive applicatione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen losse0
- Direction
- losse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“excessive application resulted in nitrogen loss and yield reduction”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive nitrogen application reduced yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- excessive applicatione0
- Outcome
- yield reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“excessive application resulted in nitrogen loss and yield reduction”
t0“winter wheat”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
797 papers in the same direction as this paper · 184 in the opposite direction · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative
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