Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) are Uruguay’s major winter crops. The country’s humid temperate climate favours the development of rust diseases, making rusts some of the most damaging pathogens. This review synthesizes over three decades of research conducted by Uruguay’s National Agricultural Research Institute (INIA) on rust epidemiology, pathogen population dynamics, and breeding for genetic resistance. Wheat leaf rust has been the most prevalent, with 87 Puccinia triticina races identified during 1991–2023, reflecting a highly dynamic population that rapidly overcomes major resistance genes. After many years without epidemics, severe wheat stem rust outbreaks occurred in 2014–2015, caused by races distinct from the Ug99 race group, while wheat yellow rust re-emerged in 2017 due to the incursion of aggressive P. striiformis f.sp tritici lineages (PstS7, PstS10, PstS13) likely introduced from Europe. The P. hordei population has remained relatively stable, with only three races identified since 1991. INIA’s breeding programs have progressively shifted from major-gene resistance toward quantitative adult-plant resistance and marker-assisted pyramiding of effective major genes. The integration of long-term pathogen surveillance, molecular diagnostics, and precise field phenotyping has been pivotal for improving genetic resistance. Continued regional monitoring and pre-emptive breeding are essential to mitigate the evolving rust threat across the largest South American epidemiological zone.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Eighty-seven Puccinia triticina races were identified on wheat leaf rust during 1991–2023.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Interactor
- Puccinia triticina
Puccinia triticinae1pathogen - Outcome
- races identifiede1
- Value
- 87e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Wheat leaf rust has been the most prevalent, with 87 Puccinia triticina races identified during 1991–2023”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe wheat stem rust outbreaks in 2014–2015 were caused by races distinct from the Ug99 race group.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Outcome
- severe wheat stem rust outbreakse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“After many years without epidemics, severe wheat stem rust outbreaks occurred in 2014–2015, caused by races distinct from the Ug99 race group”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yellow rust re-emerged in 2017, likely due to incursion of aggressive P. striiformis f.sp tritici lineages.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Interactor
- P. striiformis f.sp tritici
Puccinia striiformise3pathogen - Outcome
- wheat yellow ruste3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“wheat yellow rust re-emerged in 2017 due to the incursion of aggressive P. striiformis f.sp tritici lineages (PstS7, PstS10, PstS13) likely introduced from Europe”
Claim · model-written summary
The P. hordei population on barley has remained relatively stable.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Interactor
- P. hordei
Puccinia hordeie4pathogen - Outcome
- population has remained relatively stablee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) are Uruguay’s major winter crops”
e4“The P. hordei population has remained relatively stable, with only three races identified since 1991”
Claim · model-written summary
Only three P. hordei races were identified on barley since 1991.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Interactor
- P. hordeiPuccinia hordeie4pathogen
- Outcome
- races identifiede4
- Value
- threee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) are Uruguay’s major winter crops”
e4“The P. hordei population has remained relatively stable, with only three races identified since 1991”