Abstract
Background/Purpose Linseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important oilseed crop, but its productivity is frequently limited by water stress during critical growth stages. Salicylic acid (SA) has been reported to improve stress tolerance and crop performance. However, the interaction between irrigation regimes and SA application and their combined influence on yield, seed quality and economic returns of linseed under field conditions remain insufficiently explored. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different irrigation regimes and foliar applications of SA on yield attributes, oil quality and economic profitability of linseed cultivation. Methods A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2024-25 at the Research Farm of Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India. The experiment was arranged in a strip-plot design with three replications. Three irrigation regimes were evaluated: IR 1 (rainfed), IR 2 (two irrigations at branching and pre-flowering stages) and IR 3 (three irrigations at branching, pre-flowering and capsule development stages). Four foliar treatments of salicylic acid were applied at branching and pre-flowering: S 1 (water spray), S 2 (50 mg/L), S 3 (75 mg/L) and S 4 (100 mg/L). Yield attributes, seed yield, oil content, oil yield and economic returns were recorded and analysed statistically. Results Both irrigation and salicylic acid significantly influenced yield and quality traits of linseed. The highest seed yield (1557 kg ha -1 ), oil content (37.2%), oil yield (580 kg ha -1 ), net return (USD 980 ha -1 ) and benefit cost ratio (2.24) were obtained under IR 3 . Among SA treatments, 100 mg/L produced the highest seed yield (1467 kg ha -1 ), oil yield (547 kg ha -1 ), net return (USD 905 ha -1 ) and B:C ratio (2.11). The interaction of IR 3 × S 4 resulted in the maximum seed yield (1624 kg ha -1 ) and oil yield (618 kg ha -1 ). However, 75 mg/L SA showed nearly comparable performance to 100 mg/L, indicating that moderate concentrations can achieve efficient yield improvement. Conclusions Strategic irrigation at branching, pre-flowering and capsule development stages combined with foliar application of salicylic acid significantly improves linseed productivity, oil yield and farm profitability. Although 100 mg/L SA produced the highest yields, 75 mg/L was identified as the most efficient concentration due to comparable performance with potentially lower input requirements. These findings highlight the potential of integrating optimized irrigation scheduling with salicylic acid application as a climate-smart strategy for sustainable linseed production under variable moisture conditions.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at branching, pre-flowering and capsule development (IR 3) gave the highest seed yield in linseed (1557 kg ha -1).
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimum
Linum usitatissimumt0 - Treatment
- IR 3e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1557 kg ha -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest seed yield (1557 kg ha -1 ), oil content (37.2%), oil yield (580 kg ha -1 ), net return (USD 980 ha -1 ) and benefit cost ratio (2.24) were obtained under IR 3”
t0“Linum usitatissimum”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at branching, pre-flowering and capsule development (IR 3) gave the highest oil content in linseed (37.2%).
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimumLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- IR 3e0
- Outcome
- oil contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 37.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest seed yield (1557 kg ha -1 ), oil content (37.2%), oil yield (580 kg ha -1 ), net return (USD 980 ha -1 ) and benefit cost ratio (2.24) were obtained under IR 3”
t0“Linum usitatissimum”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at branching, pre-flowering and capsule development (IR 3) gave the highest oil yield in linseed (580 kg ha -1).
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimumLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- IR 3e0
- Outcome
- oil yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 580 kg ha -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest seed yield (1557 kg ha -1 ), oil content (37.2%), oil yield (580 kg ha -1 ), net return (USD 980 ha -1 ) and benefit cost ratio (2.24) were obtained under IR 3”
t0“Linum usitatissimum”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at branching, pre-flowering and capsule development (IR 3) gave the highest net return in linseed (USD 980 ha -1).
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimumLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- IR 3e0
- Outcome
- net returne0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- USD 980 ha -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest seed yield (1557 kg ha -1 ), oil content (37.2%), oil yield (580 kg ha -1 ), net return (USD 980 ha -1 ) and benefit cost ratio (2.24) were obtained under IR 3”
t0“Linum usitatissimum”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at branching, pre-flowering and capsule development (IR 3) gave the highest benefit cost ratio in linseed (2.24).
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimumLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- IR 3e0
- Outcome
- benefit cost ratioe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.24e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest seed yield (1557 kg ha -1 ), oil content (37.2%), oil yield (580 kg ha -1 ), net return (USD 980 ha -1 ) and benefit cost ratio (2.24) were obtained under IR 3”
t0“Linum usitatissimum”
Claim · model-written summary
Among salicylic acid treatments, 100 mg/L produced the highest seed yield in linseed (1467 kg ha -1).
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimumLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- 100 mg/Le0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1467 kg ha -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among SA treatments, 100 mg/L produced the highest seed yield (1467 kg ha -1 ), oil yield (547 kg ha -1 ), net return (USD 905 ha -1 ) and B:C ratio (2.11)”
t0“Linum usitatissimum”
Claim · model-written summary
Among salicylic acid treatments, 100 mg/L produced the highest oil yield in linseed (547 kg ha -1).
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimumLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- 100 mg/Le0
- Outcome
- oil yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 547 kg ha -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among SA treatments, 100 mg/L produced the highest seed yield (1467 kg ha -1 ), oil yield (547 kg ha -1 ), net return (USD 905 ha -1 ) and B:C ratio (2.11)”
t0“Linum usitatissimum”
Claim · model-written summary
Among salicylic acid treatments, 100 mg/L produced the highest net return in linseed (USD 905 ha -1).
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimumLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- 100 mg/Le0
- Outcome
- net returne0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- USD 905 ha -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among SA treatments, 100 mg/L produced the highest seed yield (1467 kg ha -1 ), oil yield (547 kg ha -1 ), net return (USD 905 ha -1 ) and B:C ratio (2.11)”
t0“Linum usitatissimum”
Claim · model-written summary
Among salicylic acid treatments, 100 mg/L produced the highest B:C ratio in linseed (2.11).
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimumLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- 100 mg/Le0
- Outcome
- B:C ratioe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.11e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among SA treatments, 100 mg/L produced the highest seed yield (1467 kg ha -1 ), oil yield (547 kg ha -1 ), net return (USD 905 ha -1 ) and B:C ratio (2.11)”
t0“Linum usitatissimum”
Claim · model-written summary
The irrigation IR 3 by SA 100 mg/L interaction gave the maximum seed yield in linseed (1624 kg ha -1).
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimumLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- IR 3 × S 4e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 1624 kg ha -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction of IR 3 × S 4 resulted in the maximum seed yield (1624 kg ha -1 ) and oil yield (618 kg ha -1 )”
t0“Linum usitatissimum”
Claim · model-written summary
The irrigation IR 3 by SA 100 mg/L interaction gave the maximum oil yield in linseed (618 kg ha -1).
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimumLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- IR 3 × S 4e0
- Outcome
- oil yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 618 kg ha -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction of IR 3 × S 4 resulted in the maximum seed yield (1624 kg ha -1 ) and oil yield (618 kg ha -1 )”
t0“Linum usitatissimum”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of 75 mg/L salicylic acid showed nearly comparable performance to 100 mg/L in linseed.
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimumLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- 75 mg/L SAe0
- Outcome
- nearly comparable performancee0
- Direction
- nearly comparablee0
- Comparator
- 100 mg/Le0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“75 mg/L SA showed nearly comparable performance to 100 mg/L”
t0“Linum usitatissimum”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation significantly influenced yield and quality traits of linseed.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Both irrigation and salicylic acid significantly influenced yield and quality traits of linseed”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid significantly influenced yield and quality traits of linseed.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Both irrigation and salicylic acid significantly influenced yield and quality traits of linseed”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify 75 mg/L SA as the most efficient concentration because of comparable performance with potentially lower input requirements.
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimumLinum usitatissimumt0
- Outcome
- most efficient concentratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“75 mg/L was identified as the most efficient concentration due to comparable performance with potentially lower input requirements”
t0“Linum usitatissimum”