Abstract
Background/Objectives: Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), a drought-tolerant cereal vital to semi-arid agriculture, faces severe yield losses from head smut disease caused by the pathogen Sporisorium destruens. Although partial resistance exists, the dynamic molecular mechanisms governing its defense response across developmental stages remain poorly understood. Methods: Here, we performed untargeted metabolomics on leaf samples from Inoculated Asymptomatic (IA) and Inoculated Symptomatic (IS) plants of the partially resistant cultivar ‘Chishu 13’ at four key growth stages following pathogen inoculation, with group classification validated by qPCR. Using weighted metabolite co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) combined with differential metabolite screening, we identified 18 metabolites markedly enriched in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, metabolite transport-related processes, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. Results: Notably, L-phenylalanine accumulated substantially in IA plants relative to IS plants and correlated closely with biosynthesis of key defensive phenylpropanoids, including cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid. Our results reveal distinct temporal patterns in metabolic reprogramming that correlate with resistance outcomes in Inoculated Asymptomatic plants: early stages are characterized by differential regulation of energy metabolism, while later stages show enhanced phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. These stage-specific metabolic adaptations are strongly associated with successful defense outcomes. Conclusions: These findings elucidate stage-specific metabolic adaptations that distinguish successful defense in IA plants from susceptibility in IS plants, providing robust biomarkers and stage-targeted strategies for breeding smut-resistant millet varieties.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Eighteen metabolites were markedly enriched in the TCA cycle, metabolite transport-related processes and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in proso millet leaves after pathogen inoculation.
- Taxon
- Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)
Panicum miliaceume0 - Interactor
- Sporisorium destruensAnthracocystis destruense0pathogen
- Outcome
- 18 metabolites markedly enriched in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cyclee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), a drought-tolerant cereal vital to semi-arid agriculture, faces severe yield losses from head smut disease caused by the pathogen Sporisorium destruens”
e2“18 metabolites markedly enriched in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, metabolite transport-related processes, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways”
Claim · model-written summary
L-phenylalanine accumulated substantially in asymptomatically inoculated proso millet plants relative to symptomatic plants of cultivar Chishu 13.
- Taxon
- Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)Panicum miliaceume0
- Material
- Chishu 13e1
- Organ / stage
- leafe1
- Treatment
- pathogen inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Sporisorium destruensAnthracocystis destruense0pathogen
- Outcome
- L-phenylalaninee3
- Direction
- accumulated substantiallye3
- Comparator
- IS plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), a drought-tolerant cereal vital to semi-arid agriculture, faces severe yield losses from head smut disease caused by the pathogen Sporisorium destruens”
e1“untargeted metabolomics on leaf samples from Inoculated Asymptomatic (IA) and Inoculated Symptomatic (IS) plants of the partially resistant cultivar ‘Chishu 13’ at four key growth stages following pathogen inoculation”
e3“L-phenylalanine accumulated substantially in IA plants relative to IS plants and correlated closely with biosynthesis of key defensive phenylpropanoids, including cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid”
Claim · model-written summary
L-phenylalanine was closely correlated with biosynthesis of defensive phenylpropanoids, including cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid, in proso millet leaves.
- Taxon
- Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)Panicum miliaceume0
- Interactor
- Sporisorium destruensAnthracocystis destruense0pathogen
- Compound
- L-phenylalaninee3
- Outcome
- biosynthesis of key defensive phenylpropanoidse3
- Direction
- increaseinferrede3
- Qualifier
- including cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acide3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), a drought-tolerant cereal vital to semi-arid agriculture, faces severe yield losses from head smut disease caused by the pathogen Sporisorium destruens”
e3“L-phenylalanine accumulated substantially in IA plants relative to IS plants and correlated closely with biosynthesis of key defensive phenylpropanoids, including cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Early growth stages of asymptomatically inoculated proso millet are characterized by differential regulation of energy metabolism.
- Taxon
- Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)Panicum miliaceume0
- Organ / stage
- early stagese4
- Outcome
- energy metabolisme4
- Qualifier
- differential regulatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), a drought-tolerant cereal vital to semi-arid agriculture, faces severe yield losses from head smut disease caused by the pathogen Sporisorium destruens”
e4“early stages are characterized by differential regulation of energy metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Later growth stages of asymptomatically inoculated proso millet show enhanced phenylpropanoid biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)Panicum miliaceume0
- Organ / stage
- later stagese5
- Outcome
- phenylpropanoid biosynthesise5
- Direction
- enhancede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), a drought-tolerant cereal vital to semi-arid agriculture, faces severe yield losses from head smut disease caused by the pathogen Sporisorium destruens”
e5“later stages show enhanced phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Stage-specific metabolic adaptations are strongly associated with successful defense outcomes in inoculated proso millet.
- Taxon
- Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)Panicum miliaceume0
- Treatment
- pathogen inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Sporisorium destruensAnthracocystis destruense0pathogen
- Outcome
- successful defense outcomese6
- Direction
- increaseinferrede6
- Qualifier
- strongly associatede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), a drought-tolerant cereal vital to semi-arid agriculture, faces severe yield losses from head smut disease caused by the pathogen Sporisorium destruens”
e1“untargeted metabolomics on leaf samples from Inoculated Asymptomatic (IA) and Inoculated Symptomatic (IS) plants of the partially resistant cultivar ‘Chishu 13’ at four key growth stages following pathogen inoculation”
e6“These stage-specific metabolic adaptations are strongly associated with successful defense outcomes”