Abstract
Soybean productivity in tropical environments is often constrained by nutrient limitation. This study evaluates how microbial inoculation modifies soybean yield formation under field conditions in the Philippines, with emphasis on phenology, root development, and yield components. Treatments included no inoculation (control), inoculation with Azospirillum spp., Bradyrhizobium spp., their combined application, and mineral nitrogen (N) treatment. Grain yield differed significantly among treatments, with co-inoculation producing the highest yield (2.52 t·ha−1) compared with the control (1.57 t·ha−1) and mineral N fertilization (2.23 t·ha−1). Yield increases under co-inoculation were associated with earlier flowering (36 d) and greater root length (13.01 cm), rather than increased vegetative biomass. Reproductive development was strongly altered, with pod number increased to 316 pods·plant−1, while seeds per pod declined from 1.64 to 0.62. Despite reduced seed number, individual seed size increased markedly, with hundred-seed weight rising from 8.03 to 16.04 g. Correlation analysis showed that grain yield was positively associated with seed weight per plant (r = 0.94), hundred-seed weight (r = 0.91), pod number (r = 0.88), and root length (r = 0.87–0.98), while seed number traits were negatively related to seed size. Overall, microbial co-inoculation enhanced soybean productivity in tropical low-input systems by shaping yield components and phenological development, offering a viable alternative to mineral N fertilization.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation gave the highest grain yield, 2.52 t per hectare, versus control and mineral nitrogen.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max L.)
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- co-inoculatione0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.52 t·ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- 1.57 t·ha−1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield differed significantly among treatments, with co-inoculation producing the highest yield (2.52 t·ha−1) compared with the control (1.57 t·ha−1) and mineral N fertilization (2.23 t·ha−1).”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation was associated with earlier flowering at 36 days.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max L.)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-inoculatione0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Value
- 36 de0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield increases under co-inoculation were associated with earlier flowering (36 d) and greater root length (13.01 cm), rather than increased vegetative biomass.”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation was associated with greater root length of 13.01 cm.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max L.)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-inoculatione0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 13.01 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield increases under co-inoculation were associated with earlier flowering (36 d) and greater root length (13.01 cm), rather than increased vegetative biomass.”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield increases were not associated with increased vegetative biomass.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max L.)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-inoculatione0
- Outcome
- vegetative biomasse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield increases under co-inoculation were associated with earlier flowering (36 d) and greater root length (13.01 cm), rather than increased vegetative biomass.”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pod number increased to 316 per plant.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max L.)Glycine maxt0
- Outcome
- pod numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 316 pods·plant−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reproductive development was strongly altered, with pod number increased to 316 pods·plant−1, while seeds per pod declined from 1.64 to 0.62.”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds per pod declined from 1.64 to 0.62.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max L.)Glycine maxt0
- Outcome
- seeds per pode0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 0.62e0
- Qualifier
- 1.64e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reproductive development was strongly altered, with pod number increased to 316 pods·plant−1, while seeds per pod declined from 1.64 to 0.62.”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hundred seed weight rose from 8.03 to 16.04 g.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max L.)Glycine maxt0
- Outcome
- hundred-seed weighte0
- Direction
- risinge0
- Value
- 16.04 ge0
- Qualifier
- 8.03e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Despite reduced seed number, individual seed size increased markedly, with hundred-seed weight rising from 8.03 to 16.04 g.”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield was positively associated with seed weight per plant.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max L.)Glycine maxt0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- positively associatede0
- Value
- r = 0.94e0
- Comparator
- seed weight per plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Correlation analysis showed that grain yield was positively associated with seed weight per plant (r = 0.94), hundred-seed weight (r = 0.91), pod number (r = 0.88), and root length (r = 0.87–0.98), while seed number traits were negatively related to seed size.”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield was positively associated with hundred-seed weight.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max L.)Glycine maxt0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- positively associatede0
- Value
- r = 0.91e0
- Comparator
- hundred-seed weighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Correlation analysis showed that grain yield was positively associated with seed weight per plant (r = 0.94), hundred-seed weight (r = 0.91), pod number (r = 0.88), and root length (r = 0.87–0.98), while seed number traits were negatively related to seed size.”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield was positively associated with pod number.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max L.)Glycine maxt0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- positively associatede0
- Value
- r = 0.88e0
- Comparator
- pod numbere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Correlation analysis showed that grain yield was positively associated with seed weight per plant (r = 0.94), hundred-seed weight (r = 0.91), pod number (r = 0.88), and root length (r = 0.87–0.98), while seed number traits were negatively related to seed size.”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield was positively associated with root length.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max L.)Glycine maxt0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- positively associatede0
- Value
- r = 0.87–0.98e0
- Comparator
- root lengthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Correlation analysis showed that grain yield was positively associated with seed weight per plant (r = 0.94), hundred-seed weight (r = 0.91), pod number (r = 0.88), and root length (r = 0.87–0.98), while seed number traits were negatively related to seed size.”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed number traits were negatively related to seed size.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max L.)Glycine maxt0
- Outcome
- seed sizee0
- Direction
- negatively relatede0
- Comparator
- seed number traitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Correlation analysis showed that grain yield was positively associated with seed weight per plant (r = 0.94), hundred-seed weight (r = 0.91), pod number (r = 0.88), and root length (r = 0.87–0.98), while seed number traits were negatively related to seed size.”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors present microbial co-inoculation as a viable alternative to mineral nitrogen fertilization.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max L.)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- microbial co-inoculatione0
- Outcome
- viable alternative to mineral N fertilizatione0
- Setting
- tropical low-input systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“microbial co-inoculation enhanced soybean productivity in tropical low-input systems by shaping yield components and phenological development, offering a viable alternative to mineral N fertilization.”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
490 papers in the same direction as this paper · 63 in the opposite direction · 12 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
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