Abstract
The field production of tomato faces challenges regarding abiotic stress factors, which unfavorably impact fruit quality traits. Hedgerows, a form of agroforestry, offer a climate-resilient strategy to buffer temperatures and reduce the impact of direct wind stress on crop production. This study assessed the impact of hedgerow microclimate modulation effects on open-field tomato fruit quality, employing three genotypes (Roma, Ace55, and Szentlőrinckáta). Key quality traits (Total Soluble Solids (TSS), Titratable Acidity (TA), Sugar–Acid Ratio (SAR), Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Chroma (C*), and Hue (ho)) were measured over two harvests per season, in two consecutive years (2023–2024). Plots were positioned at five distances (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 m from the hedge) on both windy and protected sides (W1–W5 and P1–P5, respectively, with 1 showing the closest position). We observed that the microclimate of the protected side was consistently warmer, with an average deviation from the reference temperature of +3.54 °C at mid-distances and +0.38 °C higher overall across both growing seasons. Results show that mid-distance zones (P3–P4, W3–W4) consistently exhibited the highest C* (up to 39.44) at W4 and TSS values at W1 (7.00 °Bx). Protected sides favored higher TA at P3 (0.70%) and Hue (ho) values at P3 with (53.06 ± 0.30) with Ace55 and SAR at P3 (16.35) with Szentlőrinckáta. Windy sides significantly enhanced FRAP and TPC, with the Szentlőrinckáta genotype exhibiting the highest antioxidant capacity at W1 (23.67 mg AAE 100 g−1, FRAP) and TPC (244.17 mg GAE 100 g−1). At W4, Roma showed a 9.4% increase in TPC in the second harvest, while Ace55 showed the highest FRAP values during late-season sampling, highlighting genotype-specific antioxidant resilience under contrasting microclimates. These findings suggest that mid-distance zones and microclimatic variation between windy and protected sides remarkably influence fruit quality traits and antioxidant profiles.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Protected sides were warmer by 3.54 °C at mid-distances.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Outcome
- microclimatee0
- Direction
- warmere0
- Value
- +3.54 °Ce0
- Setting
- protected sidee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the microclimate of the protected side was consistently warmer, with an average deviation from the reference temperature of +3.54 °C at mid-distances”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Protected sides were 0.38 °C warmer overall.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- temperaturee1
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- +0.38 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“+0.38 °C higher overall across both growing seasons.”
t0“Tomato”
e1“reference temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
W4 showed the highest chroma, up to 39.44.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mid-distance zones (P3–P4, W3–W4) consistently exhibited the highest C* (up to 39.44) at W4”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
W1 showed TSS of 7.00 °Bx.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- TSSe0
- Value
- 7.00 °Bxe0
- Setting
- W1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TSS values at W1 (7.00 °Bx).”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The protected P3 side had higher titratable acidity of 0.70%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protected sides favored higher TA at P3 (0.70%)”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Ace55 at P3 had a hue value of 53.06 ± 0.30.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hue (ho) values at P3 with (53.06 ± 0.30) with Ace55”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Szentlőrinckáta at P3 had a sugar–acid ratio of 16.35.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SAR at P3 (16.35) with Szentlőrinckáta”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Windy sides significantly enhanced FRAP.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- FRAPe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Setting
- Windy sidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Windy sides significantly enhanced FRAP and TPC”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Windy sides significantly enhanced TPC.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- TPCe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Setting
- Windy sidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Windy sides significantly enhanced FRAP and TPC”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Szentlőrinckáta had highest FRAP at W1, 23.67 mg AAE 100 g−1.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Szentlőrinckátae0
- Outcome
- FRAPe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 23.67 mg AAE 100 g−1e0
- Setting
- W1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Szentlőrinckáta genotype exhibiting the highest antioxidant capacity at W1 (23.67 mg AAE 100 g−1, FRAP)”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Szentlőrinckáta had TPC of 244.17 mg GAE 100 g−1.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Szentlőrinckátae1
- Outcome
- TPCe0
- Value
- 244.17 mg GAE 100 g−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TPC (244.17 mg GAE 100 g−1)”
t0“Tomato”
e1“the Szentlőrinckáta genotype exhibiting the highest antioxidant capacity at W1”
Claim · model-written summary
Roma TPC increased 9.4% at W4 in the second harvest.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Romae0
- Outcome
- TPCe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 9.4%e0
- Qualifier
- second harveste0
- Setting
- W4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At W4, Roma showed a 9.4% increase in TPC in the second harvest”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Ace55 showed the highest FRAP in late-season sampling.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Ace55e0
- Outcome
- FRAP valuese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- late-season samplinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ace55 showed the highest FRAP values during late-season sampling”
t0“Tomato”