Abstract
Invasive plants have several harmful impacts on the agroecosystem including modifying habitats, affecting food web characteristics, and affecting the ecosystem processes and functioning. This study aims to evaluate the allelopathic potential of the invasive plant C. procera and to assess its effect on seed germination and seedling growth of two common crop plants (barley and alfalfa). In a complete randomized design with three replications, the effect of different concentrations of the aqueous extract of the C. procera on the germination and seedling growth of the two crop plants was investigated. There is a marked decline in the germination percentage (GP) of both barley and alfalfa with increasing concentrations of C. procera. The highest GP of barley and alfalfa (96.9 and 82.1%) were recorded at the control, which was decreased sharply until reaching 18.8 and 9.8%, respectively, at 3% (for barley), and 1% (for alfalfa) of C. procera, and then the germination was completely inhibited. The seed germination index (SGI) and mean time to germinate (MTG) data showed that the highest germination speed for barley and alfalfa was recorded at the control with SGI (17.9 and 10.7) and MTG (1.2 and 2.1 days), respectively. These values indicate the faster germination of barley than alfalfa. Moreover, a complete inhibition of germination (IP = 100%) at concentrations ≥ 5% for barley and ≥ 3% for alfalfa suggests that alfalfa is more sensitive to C. procera allelochemicals. Finally, the ability to suppress germination and early growth of economically important crops such as barley and alfalfa highlights potential risks associated with the spread of C. procera in agricultural landscapes. Overall, this study offers strong evidence that allelopathy is a key mechanism supporting the capacity of the investigated invasive plant for interference and ecological success. Further study about the allelochemicals of C. procera must be carried out, as these allelochemicals are capable of suppressing the germination, growth, and dry matter accumulation of many cultivated crops in the fields.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Barley germination percentage declined with increasing concentrations of C. procera.
- Taxon
- barley
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Hordeum vulgaree1 - Treatment
- increasing concentrations of C. procerae1
- Interactor
- C. procera
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Calotropis procerae1weed - Outcome
- germination percentage (GP)e1
- Direction
- declinee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
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Verbatim
e1“There is a marked decline in the germination percentage (GP) of both barley and alfalfa with increasing concentrations of C. procera”
Claim · model-written summary
Alfalfa germination percentage declined with increasing concentrations of C. procera.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativae1 - Treatment
- increasing concentrations of C. procerae1
- Interactor
- C. proceraCalotropis procerae1weed
- Outcome
- germination percentage (GP)e1
- Direction
- declinee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“There is a marked decline in the germination percentage (GP) of both barley and alfalfa with increasing concentrations of C. procera”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley had the highest germination percentage (96.9%) at the control.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree2
- Outcome
- highest GPe2
- Value
- 96.9e2
- Qualifier
- recorded at the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The highest GP of barley and alfalfa (96.9 and 82.1%) were recorded at the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Alfalfa had the highest germination percentage (82.1%) at the control.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae2
- Outcome
- highest GPe2
- Value
- 82.1e2
- Qualifier
- recorded at the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The highest GP of barley and alfalfa (96.9 and 82.1%) were recorded at the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley germination percentage decreased sharply to 18.8% at 3% C. procera.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree3
- Treatment
- C. procerae3
- Interactor
- C. proceraCalotropis procerae3weed
- Outcome
- germination percentage (GP)e1
- Direction
- decreased sharplye3
- Value
- 18.8e3
- Qualifier
- at 3% (for barley)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“There is a marked decline in the germination percentage (GP) of both barley and alfalfa with increasing concentrations of C. procera”
e3“which was decreased sharply until reaching 18.8 and 9.8%, respectively, at 3% (for barley), and 1% (for alfalfa) of C. procera”
Claim · model-written summary
Alfalfa germination percentage decreased sharply to 9.8% at 1% C. procera.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae3
- Treatment
- C. procerae3
- Interactor
- C. proceraCalotropis procerae3weed
- Outcome
- germination percentage (GP)e1
- Direction
- decreased sharplye3
- Value
- 9.8e3
- Qualifier
- 1% (for alfalfa)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“There is a marked decline in the germination percentage (GP) of both barley and alfalfa with increasing concentrations of C. procera”
e3“which was decreased sharply until reaching 18.8 and 9.8%, respectively, at 3% (for barley), and 1% (for alfalfa) of C. procera”
Claim · model-written summary
Complete inhibition of germination (IP = 100%) occurred in barley at concentrations of 5% and above.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree4
- Outcome
- complete inhibition of germinatione4
- Value
- IP = 100%e4
- Qualifier
- ≥ 5%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Moreover, a complete inhibition of germination (IP = 100%) at concentrations ≥ 5% for barley and ≥ 3% for alfalfa suggests that alfalfa is more sensitive to C. procera allelochemicals”
Claim · model-written summary
Complete inhibition of germination (IP = 100%) occurred in alfalfa at concentrations of 3% and above.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae4
- Outcome
- complete inhibition of germinatione4
- Value
- IP = 100%e4
- Qualifier
- ≥ 3%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Moreover, a complete inhibition of germination (IP = 100%) at concentrations ≥ 5% for barley and ≥ 3% for alfalfa suggests that alfalfa is more sensitive to C. procera allelochemicals”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley had a seed germination index of 17.9 at the control.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree6
- Outcome
- seed germination index (SGI)e6
- Value
- 17.9e6
- Qualifier
- recorded at the controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The seed germination index (SGI) and mean time to germinate (MTG) data showed that the highest germination speed for barley and alfalfa was recorded at the control with SGI (17.9 and 10.7) and MTG (1.2 and 2.1 days), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley had a mean time to germinate of 1.2 days at the control.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree6
- Outcome
- mean time to germinate (MTG)e6
- Value
- 1.2e6
- Qualifier
- recorded at the controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The seed germination index (SGI) and mean time to germinate (MTG) data showed that the highest germination speed for barley and alfalfa was recorded at the control with SGI (17.9 and 10.7) and MTG (1.2 and 2.1 days), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Alfalfa had a seed germination index of 10.7 at the control.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae6
- Outcome
- seed germination index (SGI)e6
- Value
- 10.7e6
- Qualifier
- recorded at the controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The seed germination index (SGI) and mean time to germinate (MTG) data showed that the highest germination speed for barley and alfalfa was recorded at the control with SGI (17.9 and 10.7) and MTG (1.2 and 2.1 days), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Alfalfa had a mean time to germinate of 2.1 days at the control.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae6
- Outcome
- mean time to germinate (MTG)e6
- Value
- 2.1 dayse6
- Qualifier
- recorded at the controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The seed germination index (SGI) and mean time to germinate (MTG) data showed that the highest germination speed for barley and alfalfa was recorded at the control with SGI (17.9 and 10.7) and MTG (1.2 and 2.1 days), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley germinated faster than alfalfa.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree7
- Outcome
- germinatione7
- Direction
- fastere7
- Comparator
- alfalfae7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“These values indicate the faster germination of barley than alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Alfalfa is more sensitive than barley to C. procera allelochemicals.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae4
- Interactor
- C. proceraCalotropis procerae4weed
- Compound
- C. procera allelochemicalse4
- Outcome
- sensitivee4
- Direction
- more sensitivee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Moreover, a complete inhibition of germination (IP = 100%) at concentrations ≥ 5% for barley and ≥ 3% for alfalfa suggests that alfalfa is more sensitive to C. procera allelochemicals”
Claim · model-written summary
Allelopathy is a key mechanism supporting the interference and ecological success of Calotropis procera.
- Taxon
- Calotropis proceraCalotropis procerat0
- Outcome
- interference and ecological successe5
- Qualifier
- allelopathye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“invasive Calotropis procera”
e5“allelopathy is a key mechanism supporting the capacity of the investigated invasive plant for interference and ecological success”