Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are major plant pathogens causing substantial reductions in crop growth and yield. This study evaluated the nematicidal efficacy of selected plant extracts (garlic, neem, marigold, ginger, and turmeric) at concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 5% compared with the chemical nematicide carbofuran, and assessed their effects on nematode infestation, plant growth, and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). The nematode-inoculated untreated control recorded the highest infection levels, with a gall index of 8.5, 155 egg masses per plant, 1950 soil J2s/100 g, and 475 root J2s/g, together with the lowest fruit yield (75 g/plant). In contrast, garlic extract at 5% showed the greatest efficacy, reducing the gall index to 1.2, egg masses to 15, soil juveniles to 210 J2s/100 g, and root juveniles to 48 J2s/g, representing an 85.9% reduction, while increasing yield to 208 g/plant. The difference in yield between garlic 5% and the absolute control (215 g/plant) was only 7 g, which was lower than the calculated Least Significant Difference (LSD = 15), indicating no significant difference between them. All botanical treatments exhibited a concentration-dependent response, with neem and marigold showing moderate effectiveness, whereas turmeric and ginger were less effective, particularly at lower concentrations where turmeric recorded the lowest yield (90 g/plant). The absolute control produced the highest yield (215 g/plant), confirming the negative impact of nematode infestation. Carbofuran improved yield to 180 g/plant but was less effective than garlic in several parameters. Overall, the results demonstrate that plant extracts, particularly garlic, possess strong potential.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated inoculated okra had a gall index of 8.5.
- Taxon
- Okra
.jpg?width=60)
Abelmoschus esculentust0 - Outcome
- gall indexe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 8.5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The nematode-inoculated untreated control recorded the highest infection levels, with a gall index of 8.5”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated inoculated okra had 155 egg masses per plant.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- egg masses per plante0
- Value
- 155 egg masses per plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“155 egg masses per plant”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated inoculated okra soil had 1950 J2s per 100 g.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- soil J2se0
- Value
- 1950 soil J2s/100 ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1950 soil J2s/100 g”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated inoculated okra roots had 475 J2s per gram.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- root J2se0
- Value
- 475 root J2s/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“475 root J2s/g”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated inoculated okra yielded 75 g per plant.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 75 g/plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowest fruit yield (75 g/plant)”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract at 5% reduced gall index to 1.2.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- garlic extract at 5%e0
- Outcome
- gall indexe0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 1.2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“garlic extract at 5% showed the greatest efficacy, reducing the gall index to 1.2”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract at 5% reduced egg masses to 15.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- garlic extract at 5%e0
- Outcome
- egg massese0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 15e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“garlic extract at 5% showed the greatest efficacy, reducing the gall index to 1.2, egg masses to 15”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract at 5% reduced soil juveniles to 210 J2s per 100 g.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- garlic extract at 5%e0
- Outcome
- soil juvenilese0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 210 J2s/100 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“garlic extract at 5% showed the greatest efficacy, reducing the gall index to 1.2, egg masses to 15, soil juveniles to 210 J2s/100 g”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract at 5% reduced root juveniles to 48 J2s per gram.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- root juvenilese0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 48 J2s/ge0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root juveniles to 48 J2s/g, representing an 85.9% reduction”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract at 5% increased yield to 208 g per plant.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 208 g/plante0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while increasing yield to 208 g/plant”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic 5% yield did not differ significantly from absolute control yield.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- garlic 5%e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Value
- 7 ge0
- Comparator
- absolute controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“difference in yield between garlic 5% and the absolute control (215 g/plant) was only 7 g, which was lower than the calculated Least Significant Difference (LSD = 15), indicating no significant difference between them”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Botanical treatments showed a concentration-dependent response.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- botanical treatmentse0
- Outcome
- concentration-dependent responsee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All botanical treatments exhibited a concentration-dependent response”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem and marigold had moderate effectiveness.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- moderate effectivenesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neem and marigold showing moderate effectiveness”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Turmeric and ginger were less effective at lower concentrations.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- less effectivee0
- Direction
- less effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“turmeric and ginger were less effective, particularly at lower concentrations”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Turmeric at lower concentration had yield of 90 g per plant.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 90 g/plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“turmeric recorded the lowest yield (90 g/plant)”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Absolute control had the highest yield at 215 g per plant.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 215 g/plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The absolute control produced the highest yield (215 g/plant)”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbofuran improved yield to 180 g per plant.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- Carbofurane0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 180 g/plante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbofuran improved yield to 180 g/plant”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbofuran was less effective than garlic in several parameters.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- several parameterse0
- Direction
- less effectivee0
- Comparator
- garlice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbofuran improved yield to 180 g/plant but was less effective than garlic in several parameters”
t0“Okra”
The same questions in other papers
Allium sativum · pest · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
carbofuran · yield · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Results agree
7 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →botanical · pest · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Positive and negative results
50 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
51 papers more in this group
See all 55 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.