Abstract
The growing demand for sustainable agricultural practices has accelerated the adoption of biological control agents as alternatives to chemical pesticides. Among these, Trichoderma spp. have gained significant attention due to their broad-spectrum antagonistic activity and plant growth-promoting properties. The effectiveness of Trichoderma largely depends on the method of application, which influences its establishment, survival, and interaction with host plants and pathogens. This review comprehensively analyzes major application methods of Trichoderma, including seed treatment, soil application, root dipping, nursery bed treatment, soil drenching, foliar spray, and vegetative propagule treatment. Special emphasis is given to the suitability of each method based on crop type, growth stage, and target pathogen. Evidence suggests that seed and soil applications are most effective for soil-borne pathogens, while foliar spray and wound dressing are better suited for aerial diseases. Root dip and nursery treatments are particularly beneficial in transplanted crops. The review highlights that no single method is universally effective, and integrated approaches tailored to specific crop-pathogen systems provide optimal results. This study provides a framework for selecting appropriate application strategies to maximize the efficiency of Trichoderma in sustainable agriculture.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Seed and soil applications are most effective for soil-borne pathogens.
- Taxon
- CROPSt0
- Treatment
- seed and soil applicationse0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- soil-borne pathogense0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed and soil applications are most effective for soil-borne pathogens”
e1“application methods of Trichoderma”
t0“CROPS”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spray and wound dressing are better suited for aerial diseases.
- Taxon
- CROPSt0
- Treatment
- foliar spray and wound dressinge0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- aerial diseasese0
- Direction
- better suitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar spray and wound dressing are better suited for aerial diseases”
e1“application methods of Trichoderma”
t0“CROPS”
Claim · model-written summary
Root dip and nursery treatments are particularly beneficial in transplanted crops.
- Taxon
- transplanted cropse0
- Treatment
- Root dip and nursery treatmentse0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- beneficiale0
- Direction
- beneficiale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root dip and nursery treatments are particularly beneficial in transplanted crops”
e1“application methods of Trichoderma”
Claim · model-written summary
No single Trichoderma application method is universally effective.
- Taxon
- CROPSt0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- no single method is universally effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no single method is universally effective”
e1“application methods of Trichoderma”
t0“CROPS”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors favor integrated application approaches tailored to crop-pathogen systems.
- Taxon
- crope0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- integrated approaches tailored to specific crop-pathogen systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“integrated approaches tailored to specific crop-pathogen systems provide optimal results”
e1“application methods of Trichoderma”