Abstract
The insecticidal activity of eugenol has been acknowledged, while its biological activity and underlying mechanisms against Lepidopteran pests are still not fully elucidated. This study investigates the lethal and antifeedant effects of eugenol on Hyphantria cunea larvae, while elucidating its insecticidal mechanism through the lens of digestive function, energy metabolism, and antioxidant defense systems. The results demonstrated that eugenol had biological toxicity against H. cunea larvae, manifesting as mortality, feeding deterrence, and decreased food utilization efficiency. Further analysis reveals that eugenol significantly impaired the larval digestive function by inhibiting the activities of α-amylase, lipase, and trypsin, as well as downregulating the expression of six digestive enzyme genes. Furthermore, eugenol treatment suppressed the activity of key rate-limiting enzymes in the glycolytic pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle (hexokinase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-isocitrate dehydrogenase), downregulated the expression of associated genes, and reduced Na+/K+-ATPase activity, ultimately leading to a decrease in ATP supply and a delay in hydrolysis. Although eugenol can activate antioxidant enzymes and upregulate the expression of related genes, the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) still increase. Additionally, eugenol impaired the feeding performance of larvae on host plants while exhibiting low toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that eugenol represents a promising and effective alternative for the control of the invasive pest H. cunea.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol causes mortality and feeding deterrence in H. cunea larvae.
- Taxon
- H. cunea
Hyphantria cuneae0 - Treatment
- eugenole0
- Outcome
- mortality, feeding deterrencee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eugenol had biological toxicity against H. cunea larvae, manifesting as mortality, feeding deterrence, and decreased food utilization efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol decreases larval food utilization efficiency.
- Taxon
- H. cuneaHyphantria cuneae0
- Treatment
- eugenole0
- Outcome
- food utilization efficiencye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eugenol had biological toxicity against H. cunea larvae, manifesting as mortality, feeding deterrence, and decreased food utilization efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol significantly impairs larval digestion by inhibiting α-amylase, lipase and trypsin activities.
- Taxon
- Hyphantria cuneaHyphantria cuneat0
- Treatment
- eugenole0
- Outcome
- activities of α-amylase, lipase, and trypsine0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eugenol significantly impaired the larval digestive function by inhibiting the activities of α-amylase, lipase, and trypsin”
t0“Hyphantria cunea”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol downregulates six digestive enzyme genes.
- Taxon
- Hyphantria cuneaHyphantria cuneat0
- Treatment
- eugenole1
- Outcome
- expression of six digestive enzyme genese0
- Direction
- downregulatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as downregulating the expression of six digestive enzyme genes”
e1“eugenol significantly impaired the larval digestive function”
t0“Hyphantria cunea”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol suppresses glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- Hyphantria cuneaHyphantria cuneat0
- Treatment
- eugenol treatmente0
- Gene
- hexokinase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-isocitrate dehydrogenasee0
- Outcome
- activity of key rate-limiting enzymese0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eugenol treatment suppressed the activity of key rate-limiting enzymes in the glycolytic pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle (hexokinase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-isocitrate dehydrogenase)”
t0“Hyphantria cunea”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol downregulates associated energy metabolism genes.
- Taxon
- Hyphantria cuneaHyphantria cuneat0
- Treatment
- eugenol treatmente1
- Outcome
- expression of associated genese0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“downregulated the expression of associated genes”
e1“eugenol treatment suppressed the activity of key rate-limiting enzymes in the glycolytic pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle”
t0“Hyphantria cunea”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol reduces Na+/K+-ATPase activity.
- Taxon
- Hyphantria cuneaHyphantria cuneat0
- Treatment
- eugenol treatmente1
- Outcome
- Na+/K+-ATPase activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced Na+/K+-ATPase activity”
e1“eugenol treatment suppressed”
t0“Hyphantria cunea”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol's energy metabolism effects decrease ATP supply.
- Taxon
- Hyphantria cuneaHyphantria cuneat0
- Treatment
- eugenol treatmente1
- Outcome
- ATP supplye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ultimately leading to a decrease in ATP supply and a delay in hydrolysis”
e1“eugenol treatment suppressed the activity of key rate-limiting enzymes”
t0“Hyphantria cunea”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol's energy metabolism effects delay hydrolysis.
- Taxon
- Hyphantria cuneaHyphantria cuneat0
- Treatment
- eugenol treatmente1
- Outcome
- hydrolysise0
- Direction
- delaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ultimately leading to a decrease in ATP supply and a delay in hydrolysis”
e1“eugenol treatment suppressed the activity of key rate-limiting enzymes”
t0“Hyphantria cunea”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol activates antioxidant enzymes.
- Taxon
- Hyphantria cuneaHyphantria cuneat0
- Treatment
- eugenole0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- activatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eugenol can activate antioxidant enzymes and upregulate the expression of related genes”
t0“Hyphantria cunea”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol upregulates antioxidant-related gene expression.
- Taxon
- Hyphantria cuneaHyphantria cuneat0
- Treatment
- eugenole0
- Outcome
- expression of related genese0
- Direction
- upregulatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eugenol can activate antioxidant enzymes and upregulate the expression of related genes”
t0“Hyphantria cunea”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents increase despite antioxidant activation by eugenol.
- Taxon
- Hyphantria cuneaHyphantria cuneat0
- Treatment
- eugenole0
- Outcome
- contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although eugenol can activate antioxidant enzymes and upregulate the expression of related genes, the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) still increase”
t0“Hyphantria cunea”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol impairs larval feeding on host plants.
- Taxon
- Hyphantria cuneaHyphantria cuneat0
- Treatment
- eugenole0
- Interactor
- host plantse0host
- Outcome
- feeding performance of larvaee0
- Direction
- impairede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eugenol impaired the feeding performance of larvae on host plants”
t0“Hyphantria cunea”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol has low toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms.
Verbatim
e0“eugenol impaired the feeding performance of larvae on host plants while exhibiting low toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol is recommended as a promising effective alternative for controlling invasive H. cunea.
- Taxon
- H. cuneaHyphantria cuneae0
- Treatment
- eugenole0
- Outcome
- control of the invasive pest H. cuneae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eugenol represents a promising and effective alternative for the control of the invasive pest H. cunea”