Abstract
Organic rice farming sustains soil productivity but risks elevated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from organic inputs, which can be mitigated by optimizing water-saving irrigation and implementing regenerative practices like cover cropping. Compared to the most common water-saving irrigation (-15 cm water level threshold), a more conservative near-saturation approach (reflooding at 0 cm) offers a potential paradigm for stabilizing yields; however, its integrated impact on the net carbon (C) outcomes remains poorly understood. This study evaluated a near-saturation water-saving strategy and winter cover cropping [Tartary buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum )] to improve net C balance characteristic of subtropical organic double-rice systems in Taiwan (2023–2024). Compared to continuous flooding (CF), the near-saturation threshold significantly reduced cumulative CH 4 emissions and net GHG intensity by approximately 29% (1.37 vs. 0.97 Mg CO 2 -eq Mg −1 grain) while maintaining stable grain yield (∼5.24 Mg ha −1 ). Irrigation water productivity improved by 16.5% (0.92 vs. 0.79 kg grain m −3 irrigated water) under this near-saturation management. Furthermore, the near-saturation strategy resulted in a 17.3% reduction (CF: 23.32 Mg CO 2 -eq ha −1 vs. water-saving: 19.28 Mg CO 2 -eq ha −1 ) in the net ecosystem C source strength (net GHG emissions minus soil organic C sequestration) through the substantial CH 4 mitigation over the two-year period. Winter cover crop incorporation did not significantly influence GHG dynamics or crop productivity. These results demonstrate that a precision near-saturation threshold optimizes the environmental footprint of organic rice farming by significantly reducing net C source strength and improving water performance without compromising yield stability.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Near-saturation irrigation reduced cumulative CH4 emissions by approximately 29% compared with continuous flooding in organic double-rice in Taiwan.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- near-saturation thresholde0
- Outcome
- cumulative CH 4 emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- approximately 29%e0
- Comparator
- continuous flooding (CF)e2
- Setting
- Taiwane1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“organic double-rice cropping”
e0“the near-saturation threshold significantly reduced cumulative CH 4 emissions and net GHG intensity by approximately 29% (1.37 vs. 0.97 Mg CO 2 -eq Mg −1 grain)”
e1“subtropical organic double-rice systems in Taiwan”
e2“Compared to continuous flooding (CF)”
Claim · model-written summary
Near-saturation irrigation reduced net GHG intensity from 1.37 to 0.97 Mg CO2-eq per Mg grain compared with continuous flooding in organic double-rice in Taiwan.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- near-saturation thresholde0
- Outcome
- net GHG intensitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 1.37 vs. 0.97 Mg CO 2 -eq Mg −1 graine0
- Comparator
- continuous flooding (CF)e2
- Setting
- Taiwane1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“organic double-rice cropping”
e0“the near-saturation threshold significantly reduced cumulative CH 4 emissions and net GHG intensity by approximately 29% (1.37 vs. 0.97 Mg CO 2 -eq Mg −1 grain)”
e1“subtropical organic double-rice systems in Taiwan”
e2“Compared to continuous flooding (CF)”
Claim · model-written summary
Near-saturation irrigation maintained stable grain yield (about 5.24 Mg/ha) compared with continuous flooding in organic double-rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- near-saturation thresholde0
- Outcome
- grain yielde3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede3
- Value
- ∼5.24 Mg ha −1e3
- Comparator
- continuous flooding (CF)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“organic double-rice cropping”
e0“the near-saturation threshold significantly reduced cumulative CH 4 emissions and net GHG intensity by approximately 29% (1.37 vs. 0.97 Mg CO 2 -eq Mg −1 grain)”
e2“Compared to continuous flooding (CF)”
e3“while maintaining stable grain yield (∼5.24 Mg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Near-saturation management improved irrigation water productivity by 16.5% in organic double-rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- near-saturation managemente4
- Outcome
- Irrigation water productivitye4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 16.5%e4
- Qualifier
- 0.92 vs. 0.79 kg grain m −3 irrigated watere4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“organic double-rice cropping”
e4“Irrigation water productivity improved by 16.5% (0.92 vs. 0.79 kg grain m −3 irrigated water) under this near-saturation management”
Claim · model-written summary
The near-saturation strategy reduced the net ecosystem C source strength by 17.3% relative to continuous flooding over the two-year period.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- near-saturation strategye5
- Outcome
- net ecosystem C source strengthe5
- Direction
- reductione5
- Value
- 17.3%e5
- Qualifier
- over the two-year periode5
- Comparator
- CFe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“organic double-rice cropping”
e5“the near-saturation strategy resulted in a 17.3% reduction (CF: 23.32 Mg CO 2 -eq ha −1 vs. water-saving: 19.28 Mg CO 2 -eq ha −1 ) in the net ecosystem C source strength (net GHG emissions minus soil organic C sequestration) through the substantial CH 4 mitigation over the two-year period”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced CH4 emission through near-saturation management explains the lower net ecosystem C source strength of organic double-rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- net ecosystem C source strengthe5
- Qualifier
- through the substantial CH 4 mitigatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“organic double-rice cropping”
e5“the near-saturation strategy resulted in a 17.3% reduction (CF: 23.32 Mg CO 2 -eq ha −1 vs. water-saving: 19.28 Mg CO 2 -eq ha −1 ) in the net ecosystem C source strength (net GHG emissions minus soil organic C sequestration) through the substantial CH 4 mitigation over the two-year period”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter cover crop incorporation did not significantly change GHG dynamics or crop productivity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Winter cover crop incorporatione6
- Outcome
- GHG dynamics or crop productivitye6
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“organic double-rice cropping”
e6“Winter cover crop incorporation did not significantly influence GHG dynamics or crop productivity”
The same questions in other papers
cover crop · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ
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