Abstract
Pseudostellaria heterophylla , a high value medicinal crop in China, often suffers from yield decline and quality decrease under continuous monoculture. While nitrogen (N) fertilization modulates soil biogeochemistry and plant productivity, the dose-dependent effects of N application rates on P. heterophylla performance under continuous cropping conditions remain unclear. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate how gradient N application rates (60, 90, and 120 kg N ha −1 ) affected plant growth indicators, yield, bioactive components, rhizosphere soil chemical properties, enzyme activities, and microbial community dynamics in continuously cropped P. heterophylla. Compared to low-N (60 kg N ha −1 ) and high-N (120 kg N ha −1 ) treatments, moderate N application (90 kg N ha −1 ) significantly enhanced plant growth and root yield while increasing the accumulation of heterophyllin B, a key quality-determining metabolite. This optimal N application rate stimulated urease activity, improved nutrient cycling efficiency, and tended to maintain relatively higher microbial community diversity and functional stability within the rhizosphere. In contrast, the high-N treatment intensified soil acidification, suppressed enzyme activities, exhibited a trend toward microbial community dysbiosis and nutrient imbalances that ultimately constrained biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite synthesis. Conversely, the low-N treatment maintained stable soil pH and the N pool but frequently limited phosphorus and potassium uptake, thereby diminishing plant stress tolerance and yield. Correlation analysis revealed that plant growth and heterophyllin B were tightly coupled with soil pH, nutrient availability, and enzyme activities, with these relationships exhibiting stage-specific dynamics throughout the growing season. These findings demonstrate that moderate N fertilization optimized the trade-off between P. heterophylla productivity and rhizosphere ecological sustainability under this site-specific experiment, providing an promising strategy for environmentally considerate cultivation of P. heterophylla under continuous cropping conditions.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate nitrogen application improved plant growth.
- Taxon
- Pseudostellaria heterophylla
Pseudostellaria heterophyllat0 - Treatment
- moderate N application (90 kg N ha −1 )e0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate N application (90 kg N ha −1 ) significantly enhanced plant growth and root yield while increasing the accumulation of heterophyllin B, a key quality-determining metabolite.”
t0“Pseudostellaria heterophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate nitrogen application improved root yield.
- Taxon
- Pseudostellaria heterophyllaPseudostellaria heterophyllat0
- Treatment
- moderate N application (90 kg N ha −1 )e0
- Outcome
- root yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate N application (90 kg N ha −1 ) significantly enhanced plant growth and root yield while increasing the accumulation of heterophyllin B, a key quality-determining metabolite.”
t0“Pseudostellaria heterophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate nitrogen application improved accumulation of heterophyllin B.
- Taxon
- Pseudostellaria heterophyllaPseudostellaria heterophyllat0
- Treatment
- moderate N application (90 kg N ha −1 )e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of heterophyllin Be0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate N application (90 kg N ha −1 ) significantly enhanced plant growth and root yield while increasing the accumulation of heterophyllin B, a key quality-determining metabolite.”
t0“Pseudostellaria heterophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal nitrogen application stimulated urease activity.
- Taxon
- Pseudostellaria heterophyllaPseudostellaria heterophyllat0
- Treatment
- optimal N application ratee0
- Outcome
- urease activitye0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This optimal N application rate stimulated urease activity, improved nutrient cycling efficiency, and tended to maintain relatively higher microbial community diversity and functional stability within the rhizosphere.”
t0“Pseudostellaria heterophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal nitrogen application improved nutrient cycling efficiency.
- Taxon
- Pseudostellaria heterophyllaPseudostellaria heterophyllat0
- Treatment
- optimal N application ratee0
- Outcome
- nutrient cycling efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This optimal N application rate stimulated urease activity, improved nutrient cycling efficiency, and tended to maintain relatively higher microbial community diversity and functional stability within the rhizosphere.”
t0“Pseudostellaria heterophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal nitrogen application higher microbial community diversity and functional stability.
- Taxon
- Pseudostellaria heterophyllaPseudostellaria heterophyllat0
- Treatment
- optimal N application ratee0
- Outcome
- microbial community diversity and functional stabilitye0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This optimal N application rate stimulated urease activity, improved nutrient cycling efficiency, and tended to maintain relatively higher microbial community diversity and functional stability within the rhizosphere.”
t0“Pseudostellaria heterophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen treatment affected soil acidification.
- Taxon
- Pseudostellaria heterophyllaPseudostellaria heterophyllat0
- Treatment
- high-N treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil acidificatione0
- Direction
- intensifiede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the high-N treatment intensified soil acidification, suppressed enzyme activities, exhibited a trend toward microbial community dysbiosis and nutrient imbalances that ultimately constrained biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite synthesis.”
t0“Pseudostellaria heterophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen treatment affected enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- Pseudostellaria heterophyllaPseudostellaria heterophyllat0
- Treatment
- high-N treatmente0
- Outcome
- enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the high-N treatment intensified soil acidification, suppressed enzyme activities, exhibited a trend toward microbial community dysbiosis and nutrient imbalances that ultimately constrained biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite synthesis.”
t0“Pseudostellaria heterophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen treatment affected microbial community dysbiosis.
- Taxon
- Pseudostellaria heterophyllaPseudostellaria heterophyllat0
- Treatment
- high-N treatmente0
- Outcome
- microbial community dysbiosise0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the high-N treatment intensified soil acidification, suppressed enzyme activities, exhibited a trend toward microbial community dysbiosis and nutrient imbalances that ultimately constrained biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite synthesis.”
t0“Pseudostellaria heterophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen treatment affected nutrient imbalances.
- Taxon
- Pseudostellaria heterophyllaPseudostellaria heterophyllat0
- Treatment
- high-N treatmente0
- Outcome
- nutrient imbalancese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the high-N treatment intensified soil acidification, suppressed enzyme activities, exhibited a trend toward microbial community dysbiosis and nutrient imbalances that ultimately constrained biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite synthesis.”
t0“Pseudostellaria heterophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen treatment affected biomass accumulation.
- Taxon
- Pseudostellaria heterophyllaPseudostellaria heterophyllat0
- Treatment
- high-N treatmente0
- Outcome
- biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- constrainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the high-N treatment intensified soil acidification, suppressed enzyme activities, exhibited a trend toward microbial community dysbiosis and nutrient imbalances that ultimately constrained biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite synthesis.”
t0“Pseudostellaria heterophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen treatment affected secondary metabolite synthesis.
- Taxon
- Pseudostellaria heterophyllaPseudostellaria heterophyllat0
- Treatment
- high-N treatmente0
- Outcome
- secondary metabolite synthesise0
- Direction
- constrainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the high-N treatment intensified soil acidification, suppressed enzyme activities, exhibited a trend toward microbial community dysbiosis and nutrient imbalances that ultimately constrained biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite synthesis.”
t0“Pseudostellaria heterophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
Low nitrogen treatment affected soil pH and the N pool.
- Taxon
- Pseudostellaria heterophyllaPseudostellaria heterophyllat0
- Treatment
- low-N treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil pH and the N poole0
- Direction
- stablee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the low-N treatment maintained stable soil pH and the N pool but frequently limited phosphorus and potassium uptake, thereby diminishing plant stress tolerance and yield.”
t0“Pseudostellaria heterophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
Low nitrogen treatment affected phosphorus and potassium uptake.
- Taxon
- Pseudostellaria heterophyllaPseudostellaria heterophyllat0
- Treatment
- low-N treatmente0
- Outcome
- phosphorus and potassium uptakee0
- Direction
- limitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the low-N treatment maintained stable soil pH and the N pool but frequently limited phosphorus and potassium uptake, thereby diminishing plant stress tolerance and yield.”
t0“Pseudostellaria heterophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
Low nitrogen treatment affected plant stress tolerance.
- Taxon
- Pseudostellaria heterophyllaPseudostellaria heterophyllat0
- Treatment
- low-N treatmente0
- Outcome
- plant stress tolerancee0
- Direction
- diminishinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the low-N treatment maintained stable soil pH and the N pool but frequently limited phosphorus and potassium uptake, thereby diminishing plant stress tolerance and yield.”
t0“Pseudostellaria heterophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
Low nitrogen treatment affected yield.
- Taxon
- Pseudostellaria heterophyllaPseudostellaria heterophyllat0
- Treatment
- low-N treatmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- diminishinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the low-N treatment maintained stable soil pH and the N pool but frequently limited phosphorus and potassium uptake, thereby diminishing plant stress tolerance and yield.”
t0“Pseudostellaria heterophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
plant growth was associated with soil pH, nutrients and enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- Pseudostellaria heterophyllaPseudostellaria heterophyllat0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Qualifier
- stage-specific dynamicse0
Not reportedSettingDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant growth and heterophyllin B were tightly coupled with soil pH, nutrient availability, and enzyme activities, with these relationships exhibiting stage-specific dynamics throughout the growing season.”
t0“Pseudostellaria heterophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
heterophyllin B was associated with soil pH, nutrients and enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- Pseudostellaria heterophyllaPseudostellaria heterophyllat0
- Outcome
- heterophyllin Be0
- Qualifier
- stage-specific dynamicse0
Not reportedSettingDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant growth and heterophyllin B were tightly coupled with soil pH, nutrient availability, and enzyme activities, with these relationships exhibiting stage-specific dynamics throughout the growing season.”
t0“Pseudostellaria heterophylla”