Abstract
Petroselinum crispum (parsley), an essential member of the Apiaceae family, is a globally distributed biennial herb esteemed for its culinary versatility and multi-faceted pharmacological profile. In the Sudanese ethnobotany, it is utilized for its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gastroprotective properties. This investigation aimed to quantify the extractive yield and characterize the organ-specific distribution of bioactive secondary metabolites across the roots, stems, and leaves of Sudanese P. crispum. Botanical samples were partitioned and subjected to a 72-hour maceration in a hydro-methanolic solvent system (70% MeOH). Crude extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure using rotary evaporation. Comprehensive qualitative phytochemical screening was performed to identify major metabolite classes, including alkaloids, phenolics, and terpenoids. Gravimetric analysis revealed a superior extractive yield in the roots (45.26%), followed by the stems (13.62%) and leaves (10.00%). The phytochemical matrix showed high complexity, with the leaves and roots exhibiting the greatest metabolite diversity. Screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds (highly concentrated in leaves), alkaloids (exclusive from roots and stems), tannins, phlobatannins, saponins, phytosterols, terpenoids, quinones, coumarins, and resins. Notably, anthraquinones were consistently absent across all anatomical parts. The high extractive yield and robust phytochemical profile, particularly within the root system, emphasize Sudanese P. crispum 's potential as a high-value raw material for the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Future research should prioritize HPLC-DAD and GC-MS profiling to achieve absolute quantification of marker compounds such as apigenin and myristicin. Furthermore, in vivo clinical evaluations are warranted to standardize Sudanese P. crispum extracts for evidence-based therapeutic applications.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The hydro-methanolic extractive yield of Sudanese P. crispum roots was 45.26%, the highest of the organs.
- Taxon
- Petroselinum crispum
Petroselinum crispumt0 - Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- extractive yielde0
- Value
- 45.26%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Petroselinum crispum”
e0“Gravimetric analysis revealed a superior extractive yield in the roots (45.26%), followed by the stems (13.62%) and leaves (10.00%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The extractive yield of Sudanese P. crispum stems was 13.62%.
- Taxon
- Petroselinum crispumPetroselinum crispumt0
- Organ / stage
- stemse0
- Outcome
- extractive yielde0
- Value
- 13.62%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Petroselinum crispum”
e0“Gravimetric analysis revealed a superior extractive yield in the roots (45.26%), followed by the stems (13.62%) and leaves (10.00%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The extractive yield of Sudanese P. crispum leaves was 10.00%.
- Taxon
- Petroselinum crispumPetroselinum crispumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- extractive yielde0
- Value
- 10.00%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Petroselinum crispum”
e0“Gravimetric analysis revealed a superior extractive yield in the roots (45.26%), followed by the stems (13.62%) and leaves (10.00%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The leaves and roots of Sudanese P. crispum showed the greatest metabolite diversity.
- Taxon
- Petroselinum crispumPetroselinum crispumt0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse0
- Outcome
- metabolite diversitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Petroselinum crispum”
e0“with the leaves and roots exhibiting the greatest metabolite diversity”
Claim · model-written summary
Screening confirmed flavonoids and phenolic compounds in P. crispum, highly concentrated in the leaves.
- Taxon
- Petroselinum crispumPetroselinum crispumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- presence of flavonoids and phenolic compoundse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Petroselinum crispum”
e0“Screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds (highly concentrated in leaves)”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkaloids were found only in the roots and stems of P. crispum.
- Taxon
- Petroselinum crispumPetroselinum crispumt0
- Organ / stage
- roots and stemse0
- Outcome
- alkaloidse0
- Qualifier
- exclusivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Petroselinum crispum”
e0“alkaloids (exclusive from roots and stems)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tannins, phlobatannins and saponins were present in P. crispum.
- Taxon
- Petroselinum crispumPetroselinum crispumt0
- Outcome
- tannins, phlobatannins, saponinse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Petroselinum crispum”
e0“tannins, phlobatannins, saponins”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytosterols, terpenoids and quinones were present in P. crispum.
- Taxon
- Petroselinum crispumPetroselinum crispumt0
- Outcome
- phytosterols, terpenoids, quinonese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Petroselinum crispum”
e0“phytosterols, terpenoids, quinones”
Claim · model-written summary
Coumarins and resins were present in P. crispum.
- Taxon
- Petroselinum crispumPetroselinum crispumt0
- Outcome
- coumarins, and resinse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Petroselinum crispum”
e0“coumarins, and resins”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthraquinones were consistently absent from all anatomical parts of P. crispum.
- Taxon
- Petroselinum crispumPetroselinum crispumt0
- Outcome
- anthraquinonese0
- Qualifier
- consistently absent across all anatomical partse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Petroselinum crispum”
e0“anthraquinones were consistently absent across all anatomical parts”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that the high extractive yield and phytochemical profile, particularly of the roots, indicate potential of Sudanese P. crispum as a raw material for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.
- Taxon
- P. crispumPetroselinum crispume0
- Outcome
- potential as a high-value raw material for the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industriese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“emphasize Sudanese P. crispum 's potential as a high-value raw material for the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries”