Abstract
BACKGROUND: Inappropriate crop density and weak soil fertility are two main factors affecting on physiological and biochemical characteristics of red bean. Application of chemical and biological Nitrogen fertilizer may promote some physiological traits such as leaves pigments, protein, sugar, relative water content (RWC) and also enzymatic antioxidant system. OBJECTIVES: This study was laid out in order to investigate the effect of chemical and biological Nitrogen fertilizers on some physiological traits and antioxidant system of Red Bean at different densities. METHODS: The experiment was conducted via split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Plant density treatments (30, 40 and 50 plants.m-2) belonged to main plots, Nitrogen fertilizer (120 and 144 kg.ha-1) in the sub-plots, and biofertilizer treatments (control, Rhizobium, Nitroxin and Rhizobium + Nitroxin) were for sub-sub-plots. RESULT: The results showed that grain protein affected by plant density and Nitrogen nutrition, so that maximum grain protein was related to both application of chemical Nitrogen and Nitroxin + Rhizobium fertilizers at 50 plants.m-2 density in Azna (25.56%) and Dorud (25.23%) regions. Increase of plant density led to decrease of relative water content (RWC) from 83% until 54%. Also, the highest grain carbohydrates (186.75 mg.g-1), chlorophyll a (2.67 mg.g-1), chlorophyll b (1.25 mg.g-1) and total chlorophyll (3.92 mg.g-1) were related to 30 plant.m-2 density and both application of chemical Nitrogen fertilizer and Nitroxin. Based on the results, both applications of Nitroxin and Rhizobium, along with chemical Nitrogen fertilizer led to higher leaf Carotenoid at 30 plant.m-2 density by 1.7 mg.g-1. Enzymatic antioxidant system was affected by plant density and fertilizers. Results revealed that maximum Catalase (CAT) activity (2798 nmol.min-1.g-1) was obtained in chemical Nitrogen fertilizer treatment at 50 plant.m-2 density. The simultaneous application Nitroxin and Rhizobium along with chemical Nitrogen fertilizer produce the highest level of Peroxidase (POX) (305.5 nmol.min-1.g-1), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (1.21 micromol.min-1.g-1) and Glutathione reductase (GR) (945 micromol.min-1.g-1) activities at 30, 40 and 50 plant.m-2 densities. CONCLUSION: Application of Nitroxin and Rhizobium result to higher antioxidant enzymes activity such as CAT, POX, SOD and GR, which promote ROS saved cells from oxidation damages. However, better physiological and biochemical status in red bean achieved with application of biological and chemical Nitrogen fertilizers at 30 plant.m-2 density. Also, the best treatment for achieving of higher plant pigments and antioxidant enzymes activity was application of Nitroxin and chemical Nitrogen fertilizer at 30 plant.m-2 density and application of Nitroxin + Rhizobium and chemical Nitrogen fertilizer at 40 plant.m-2 density respectively.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Grain protein peaked at 25.56% in Azna under combined nitrogen and biofertilizers at 50 plants.m-2.
- Taxon
- Red Beant0
- Treatment
- application of chemical Nitrogen and Nitroxin + Rhizobium fertilizers at 50 plants.m-2 densitye0
- Outcome
- grain proteine0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 25.56%e0
- Setting
- Aznae0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“maximum grain protein was related to both application of chemical Nitrogen and Nitroxin + Rhizobium fertilizers at 50 plants.m-2 density in Azna (25.56%) and Dorud (25.23%) regions.”
t0“Red Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain protein peaked at 25.23% in Dorud under combined nitrogen and biofertilizers at 50 plants.m-2.
- Taxon
- Red Beant0
- Treatment
- application of chemical Nitrogen and Nitroxin + Rhizobium fertilizers at 50 plants.m-2 densitye0
- Outcome
- grain proteine0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 25.23%e0
- Setting
- Dorude0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“maximum grain protein was related to both application of chemical Nitrogen and Nitroxin + Rhizobium fertilizers at 50 plants.m-2 density in Azna (25.56%) and Dorud (25.23%) regions.”
t0“Red Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing density decreased relative water content from 83% to 54%.
- Taxon
- Red Beant0
- Treatment
- Increase of plant densitye0
- Outcome
- relative water content (RWC)e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 54%e0
- Qualifier
- 83%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Increase of plant density led to decrease of relative water content (RWC) from 83% until 54%.”
t0“Red Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain carbohydrates reached 186.75 mg.g-1 at low density with nitrogen and Nitroxin.
- Taxon
- Red Beant0
- Treatment
- 30 plant.m-2 density and both application of chemical Nitrogen fertilizer and Nitroxine0
- Outcome
- grain carbohydratese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 186.75 mg.g-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the highest grain carbohydrates (186.75 mg.g-1), chlorophyll a (2.67 mg.g-1), chlorophyll b (1.25 mg.g-1) and total chlorophyll (3.92 mg.g-1) were related to 30 plant.m-2 density and both application of chemical Nitrogen fertilizer and Nitroxin.”
t0“Red Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll a reached 2.67 mg.g-1 under the same treatment.
- Taxon
- Red Beant0
- Treatment
- 30 plant.m-2 density and both application of chemical Nitrogen fertilizer and Nitroxine0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.67 mg.g-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the highest grain carbohydrates (186.75 mg.g-1), chlorophyll a (2.67 mg.g-1), chlorophyll b (1.25 mg.g-1) and total chlorophyll (3.92 mg.g-1) were related to 30 plant.m-2 density and both application of chemical Nitrogen fertilizer and Nitroxin.”
t0“Red Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll b reached 1.25 mg.g-1 under the same treatment.
- Taxon
- Red Beant0
- Treatment
- 30 plant.m-2 density and both application of chemical Nitrogen fertilizer and Nitroxine0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.25 mg.g-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the highest grain carbohydrates (186.75 mg.g-1), chlorophyll a (2.67 mg.g-1), chlorophyll b (1.25 mg.g-1) and total chlorophyll (3.92 mg.g-1) were related to 30 plant.m-2 density and both application of chemical Nitrogen fertilizer and Nitroxin.”
t0“Red Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Total chlorophyll reached 3.92 mg.g-1 under the same treatment.
- Taxon
- Red Beant0
- Treatment
- 30 plant.m-2 density and both application of chemical Nitrogen fertilizer and Nitroxine0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3.92 mg.g-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the highest grain carbohydrates (186.75 mg.g-1), chlorophyll a (2.67 mg.g-1), chlorophyll b (1.25 mg.g-1) and total chlorophyll (3.92 mg.g-1) were related to 30 plant.m-2 density and both application of chemical Nitrogen fertilizer and Nitroxin.”
t0“Red Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biofertilizers and nitrogen increased leaf carotenoid at low density by 1.7 mg.g-1.
- Taxon
- Red Beant0
- Treatment
- applications of Nitroxin and Rhizobium, along with chemical Nitrogen fertilizere0
- Outcome
- leaf Carotenoide0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.7 mg.g-1e0
- Qualifier
- 30 plant.m-2 densitye0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“both applications of Nitroxin and Rhizobium, along with chemical Nitrogen fertilizer led to higher leaf Carotenoid at 30 plant.m-2 density by 1.7 mg.g-1.”
t0“Red Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase activity peaked at 2798 nmol.min-1.g-1 with chemical nitrogen at high density.
- Taxon
- Red Beant0
- Treatment
- chemical Nitrogen fertilizer treatment at 50 plant.m-2 densitye0
- Outcome
- Catalase (CAT) activitye0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 2798 nmol.min-1.g-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“maximum Catalase (CAT) activity (2798 nmol.min-1.g-1) was obtained in chemical Nitrogen fertilizer treatment at 50 plant.m-2 density.”
t0“Red Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilizers produced peak peroxidase activity of 305.5 nmol.min-1.g-1.
- Taxon
- Red Beant0
- Treatment
- simultaneous application Nitroxin and Rhizobium along with chemical Nitrogen fertilizere0
- Outcome
- Peroxidase (POX)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 305.5 nmol.min-1.g-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The simultaneous application Nitroxin and Rhizobium along with chemical Nitrogen fertilizer produce the highest level of Peroxidase (POX) (305.5 nmol.min-1.g-1), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (1.21 micromol.min-1.g-1) and Glutathione reductase (GR) (945 micromol.min-1.g-1) activities at 30, 40 and 50 plant.m-2 densities.”
t0“Red Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilizers produced peak superoxide dismutase activity of 1.21 micromol.min-1.g-1.
- Taxon
- Red Beant0
- Treatment
- simultaneous application Nitroxin and Rhizobium along with chemical Nitrogen fertilizere0
- Outcome
- Superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.21 micromol.min-1.g-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The simultaneous application Nitroxin and Rhizobium along with chemical Nitrogen fertilizer produce the highest level of Peroxidase (POX) (305.5 nmol.min-1.g-1), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (1.21 micromol.min-1.g-1) and Glutathione reductase (GR) (945 micromol.min-1.g-1) activities at 30, 40 and 50 plant.m-2 densities.”
t0“Red Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilizers produced peak glutathione reductase activity of 945 micromol.min-1.g-1.
- Taxon
- Red Beant0
- Treatment
- simultaneous application Nitroxin and Rhizobium along with chemical Nitrogen fertilizere0
- Outcome
- Glutathione reductase (GR)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 945 micromol.min-1.g-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The simultaneous application Nitroxin and Rhizobium along with chemical Nitrogen fertilizer produce the highest level of Peroxidase (POX) (305.5 nmol.min-1.g-1), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (1.21 micromol.min-1.g-1) and Glutathione reductase (GR) (945 micromol.min-1.g-1) activities at 30, 40 and 50 plant.m-2 densities.”
t0“Red Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers at 30 plant.m-2 yielded better physiological and biochemical status.
Verbatim
e0“better physiological and biochemical status in red bean achieved with application of biological and chemical Nitrogen fertilizers at 30 plant.m-2 density.”