Abstract
Abstract Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive alien plant that poses serious threats to agriculture, biodiversity, and human health worldwide. Its rapid spread and presence in Bhutan are an emerging concern. To assess awareness, impacts and management practices, a questionnaire-based interviews of 160 farmers was undertaken in four eastern Districts of Bhutan. The assessment revealed that majority of farmers (92%) were able to identify parthenium weed at young and flowering stages, and 78% observed it mainly during summer. Infestations were most frequently observed along roadsides (89% of farmers), in dryland crops (35%), and in paddy fields (34%), but not around irrigation channels or forests. Most farmers (36%) sighted parthenium weed 6–10 years ago with 88% perceiving an increase over the years, attributing its spread largely to vehicle movement (55% of farmers). Majority of farmers (89%) perceived parthenium weed as invasive. About 29% of farmers perceived crop yield losses, mainly in maize and rice by 12 and 13%, respectively. Livestock grazing on parthenium weed was also noted by 24% of respondents, although only one reported its ill effect (tainted and poor-quality milk). Public health was more widely impacted, with 59% reporting problems, mainly itching (76% of farmers), sneezing (56%), and rashes (53%). Manual removal was the main control method implemented by 97% of the farmers, costing each household about US $150 per year. Overall, 86% of farmers perceived parthenium weed as a concern with 66% expressing the need for an awareness program. This study identifies an urgent need for the implementation of awareness programs, early detection and control, and develop a policy to prevent further spread and impacts in the country.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Most farmers (92%) identify parthenium weed at young and flowering stages.
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.
Parthenium hysterophoruse0 - Organ / stage
- young and flowering stagese1
- Outcome
- identify parthenium weede1
- Value
- 92%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive alien plant”
e1“majority of farmers (92%) were able to identify parthenium weed at young and flowering stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Most farmers (78%) observed parthenium weed mainly during summer.
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Outcome
- observed ite1
- Value
- 78%e1
- Qualifier
- mainly during summere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive alien plant”
e1“78% observed it mainly during summer”
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium weed infestations are most frequently observed along roadsides (89% of farmers).
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Outcome
- Infestationse1
- Value
- 89%e1
- Setting
- along roadsidese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive alien plant”
e1“Infestations were most frequently observed along roadsides (89% of farmers), in dryland crops (35%), and in paddy fields (34%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium weed infestations are observed in dryland crops (35%).
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Outcome
- Infestationse1
- Value
- 35%e1
- Setting
- dryland cropse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive alien plant”
e1“Infestations were most frequently observed along roadsides (89% of farmers), in dryland crops (35%), and in paddy fields (34%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium weed infestations are observed in paddy fields (34%).
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Outcome
- Infestationse1
- Value
- 34%e1
- Setting
- paddy fieldse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive alien plant”
e1“Infestations were most frequently observed along roadsides (89% of farmers), in dryland crops (35%), and in paddy fields (34%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium weed infestations are not found around irrigation channels or forests.
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Outcome
- Infestationse1
- Qualifier
- not around irrigation channels or forestse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive alien plant”
e1“Infestations were most frequently observed along roadsides (89% of farmers), in dryland crops (35%), and in paddy fields (34%)”
e2“but not around irrigation channels or forests”
Claim · model-written summary
Most farmers (36%) sighted parthenium weed 6–10 years ago.
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Outcome
- sighted parthenium weede1
- Value
- 36%e1
- Qualifier
- 6–10 years agoe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive alien plant”
e1“Most farmers (36%) sighted parthenium weed 6–10 years ago”
Claim · model-written summary
88% of farmers perceive an increase of parthenium weed over the years.
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Outcome
- perceiving an increasee1
- Value
- 88%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive alien plant”
e1“with 88% perceiving an increase over the years”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmers attribute the spread of parthenium weed largely to vehicle movement (55%).
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Outcome
- attributing its spreade1
- Value
- 55%e1
- Qualifier
- largely to vehicle movemente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive alien plant”
e1“attributing its spread largely to vehicle movement (55% of farmers)”
Claim · model-written summary
Most farmers (89%) perceive parthenium weed as invasive.
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Outcome
- perceived parthenium weed as invasivee1
- Value
- 89%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive alien plant”
e1“Majority of farmers (89%) perceived parthenium weed as invasive”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize yield losses are reported by farmers at 12%.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“About 29% of farmers perceived crop yield losses, mainly in maize and rice by 12 and 13%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield losses are reported by farmers at 13%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Outcome
- crop yield lossese1
- Value
- 13%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“About 29% of farmers perceived crop yield losses, mainly in maize and rice by 12 and 13%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
About 29% of farmers perceive crop yield losses from parthenium weed.
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Outcome
- perceived crop yield lossese1
- Value
- 29%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive alien plant”
e1“About 29% of farmers perceived crop yield losses, mainly in maize and rice by 12 and 13%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Livestock grazing on parthenium weed is noted by 24% of respondents.
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Interactor
- Livestocke1herbivore
- Outcome
- Livestock grazinge1
- Value
- 24%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive alien plant”
e1“Livestock grazing on parthenium weed was also noted by 24% of respondents”
Claim · model-written summary
Only one farmer reported an ill effect of parthenium weed, tainted and poor-quality milk.
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Outcome
- reported its ill effecte1
- Value
- only onee1
- Qualifier
- tainted and poor-quality milke1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive alien plant”
e1“only one reported its ill effect (tainted and poor-quality milk)”
Claim · model-written summary
Public health problems are reported by 59% of respondents.
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Outcome
- reporting problemse1
- Value
- 59%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive alien plant”
e1“Public health was more widely impacted, with 59% reporting problems”
Claim · model-written summary
Itching is the most reported health problem (76% of farmers).
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Outcome
- itchinge1
- Value
- 76%e1
- Qualifier
- sneezing (56%), and rashes (53%)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive alien plant”
e1“mainly itching (76% of farmers), sneezing (56%), and rashes (53%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Manual removal is the main control method, implemented by 97% of farmers at about US $150 per household per year.
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Treatment
- Manual removale1
- Outcome
- main control methode1
- Value
- 97%e1
- Qualifier
- costing each household about US $150 per yeare1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive alien plant”
e1“Manual removal was the main control method implemented by 97% of the farmers, costing each household about US $150 per year”
Claim · model-written summary
Most farmers (86%) perceive parthenium weed as a concern; 66% express the need for an awareness program.
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Outcome
- perceived parthenium weed as a concerne1
- Value
- 86%e1
- Qualifier
- 66% expressing the need for an awareness programe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive alien plant”
e1“Overall, 86% of farmers perceived parthenium weed as a concern with 66% expressing the need for an awareness program”
Claim · model-written summary
Awareness programs, early detection and control, and a policy to prevent spread are recommended for Bhutan.
- Taxon
- Parthenium hysterophorus L.Parthenium hysterophoruse0
- Outcome
- implementation of awareness programs, early detection and controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive alien plant”
e1“This study identifies an urgent need for the implementation of awareness programs, early detection and control, and develop a policy to prevent further spread and impacts in the country”