Abstract
Specific treatments can improve and hasten the growth of amaryllis seedlings. In the present study, hybrid seedlings of amaryllis were sprayed with 0.5 and 1 g of nano-phosphorus (Nano-P) and inoculated with 20 and 40 g of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) alone or in combination. Nano-P alone significantly affected root number, with the maximum value at 0.5 g, but 1 g improved chlorophyll a and b contents. Most chemical contents in roots, bulbs, and leaves were enhanced by Nano-P, whereas reductions were found in root flavonoids and leaf soluble sugars. AMF applications significantly influenced growth traits, with 20 g yielding the maximum root number, bulb weight and size, and leaf dimensions. Generally, AMF declined root chemicals while improving bulb and leaf chemicals, especially at 20 g, but 40 g rose chlorophyll b and carbohydrates. Moreover, more pronounced and variable effects were observed owing to the interaction between Nano-P and AMF than individual applications. The highest root number, root total proteins, root total carbohydrates, root soluble sugar, bulb soluble sugar, leaf soluble sugar, and root total phenols were recorded due to Nano-P at 0.5 g combined with 0 g AMF. The combination of 20 g AMF resulted in the maximum leaf length, bulb weight, and bulb size. Additionally, the highest leaf width, bulb total protein, and root total indoles were obtained at the combination of 0.5 g phosphorus and 20 g of mycorrhizae. Overall, moderate levels of Nano-P and AMF, particularly their combination at 0.5 g and 20 g, respectively, produced optimal growth and metabolic performance.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-P alone significantly affected root number of amaryllis seedlings, with the maximum at 0.5 g.
AmaryllisNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“amaryllis hybrid seedlings”
e0“Nano-P alone significantly affected root number, with the maximum value at 0.5 g”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-P at 1 g improved chlorophyll a and b contents.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“amaryllis hybrid seedlings”
e0“but 1 g improved chlorophyll a and b contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-P enhanced most chemical contents in roots, bulbs and leaves.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“amaryllis hybrid seedlings”
e0“Most chemical contents in roots, bulbs, and leaves were enhanced by Nano-P, whereas reductions were found in root flavonoids and leaf soluble sugars”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-P reduced root flavonoids and leaf soluble sugars.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“amaryllis hybrid seedlings”
e0“Most chemical contents in roots, bulbs, and leaves were enhanced by Nano-P, whereas reductions were found in root flavonoids and leaf soluble sugars”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF applications significantly influenced growth traits, with 20 g giving the maximum root number, bulb weight and bulb size.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“amaryllis hybrid seedlings”
e0“AMF applications significantly influenced growth traits, with 20 g yielding the maximum root number, bulb weight and size, and leaf dimensions”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF at 20 g gave the maximum leaf dimensions.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“amaryllis hybrid seedlings”
e0“AMF applications significantly influenced growth traits, with 20 g yielding the maximum root number, bulb weight and size, and leaf dimensions”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF applications lowered root chemicals, especially at 20 g.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“amaryllis hybrid seedlings”
e0“Generally, AMF declined root chemicals while improving bulb and leaf chemicals, especially at 20 g”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF applications improved bulb and leaf chemicals, especially at 20 g.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“amaryllis hybrid seedlings”
e0“Generally, AMF declined root chemicals while improving bulb and leaf chemicals, especially at 20 g”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF at 40 g raised chlorophyll b and carbohydrates.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“amaryllis hybrid seedlings”
e0“AMF declined root chemicals while improving bulb and leaf chemicals, especially at 20 g, but 40 g rose chlorophyll b and carbohydrates”
Claim · model-written summary
Effects of the Nano-P and AMF interaction were more pronounced and variable than those of the individual applications.
- Treatment
- interaction between Nano-P and AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- more pronounced and variable effectse0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
- Comparator
- individual applicationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“amaryllis hybrid seedlings”
e0“more pronounced and variable effects were observed owing to the interaction between Nano-P and AMF than individual applications”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-P at 0.5 g with 0 g AMF gave the highest root number, root total proteins and root total carbohydrates.
- Treatment
- Nano-P at 0.5 g combined with 0 g AMFe0
- Outcome
- root number, root total proteins, root total carbohydratese0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“amaryllis hybrid seedlings”
e0“The highest root number, root total proteins, root total carbohydrates, root soluble sugar, bulb soluble sugar, leaf soluble sugar, and root total phenols were recorded due to Nano-P at 0.5 g combined with 0 g AMF”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-P at 0.5 g with 0 g AMF gave the highest root, bulb and leaf soluble sugar.
- Treatment
- Nano-P at 0.5 g combined with 0 g AMFe0
- Outcome
- root soluble sugar, bulb soluble sugar, leaf soluble sugare0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“amaryllis hybrid seedlings”
e0“The highest root number, root total proteins, root total carbohydrates, root soluble sugar, bulb soluble sugar, leaf soluble sugar, and root total phenols were recorded due to Nano-P at 0.5 g combined with 0 g AMF”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-P at 0.5 g with 0 g AMF gave the highest root total phenols.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“amaryllis hybrid seedlings”
e0“The highest root number, root total proteins, root total carbohydrates, root soluble sugar, bulb soluble sugar, leaf soluble sugar, and root total phenols were recorded due to Nano-P at 0.5 g combined with 0 g AMF”
Claim · model-written summary
The 20 g AMF combination gave the maximum leaf length, bulb weight and bulb size.
- Treatment
- combination of 20 g AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf length, bulb weight, and bulb sizee0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“amaryllis hybrid seedlings”
e0“The combination of 20 g AMF resulted in the maximum leaf length, bulb weight, and bulb size”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-P at 0.5 g with 20 g mycorrhizae gave the highest leaf width, bulb total protein and root total indoles.
- Treatment
- combination of 0.5 g phosphorus and 20 g of mycorrhizaee0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf width, bulb total protein, and root total indolese0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“amaryllis hybrid seedlings”
e0“the highest leaf width, bulb total protein, and root total indoles were obtained at the combination of 0.5 g phosphorus and 20 g of mycorrhizae”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that moderate levels of Nano-P and AMF, particularly 0.5 g with 20 g, produced optimal growth and metabolic performance.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“amaryllis hybrid seedlings”
e0“moderate levels of Nano-P and AMF, particularly their combination at 0.5 g and 20 g, respectively, produced optimal growth and metabolic performance”