Abstract
Pollinator-crop interactions are crucial for yield. Brown mustard is widely grown as an oilseed crop, yet declining pollinator populations can lead to pollination deficits and reduced yields. Although some studies have reported mustard flower visitors, details of plant-pollinator interactions and the effectiveness of bee management practices remain poorly understood. We aimed to uncover the dynamics of the flower resource, pollination ecology, and the potential for yield increases by stingless bees. We measured floral resources, conducted field surveys, and implemented five pollination treatments: open pollination, pollinator exclusion, and managed stingless bee treatments in open fields, netted fields, and greenhouse conditions. Mustard flowers opened throughout the daytime and peaked between 8.00 and 10.00 h. The availability of floral resources (nectar/spike and pollen/spike) remained higher from 8.00 to 12.00 h, and during this time, the abundance, richness, and diversity of flower visitors were also higher. Diverse insect groups pollinated mustard flowers, and effective native pollinators (based on the pollination service index values) were Apis cerana, Apis florea, Ceratina binghami, Lasioglossum cavernifrons, and Tetragonula pagdeni. Pollination modes remained diverse, as sternotribic, noto-sternotribic, and appendage-mediated. The installation of Indian stingless bees in mustard fields optimised yields, and the open field installation practice remained superior (seed yield: 1311.66 ± 88.12 kg/ha) to caged practices (netted fields: 856.23 ± 68.23 kg/ha and greenhouse fields: 901.86 ± 74.15 kg/ha). Based on these findings, it is suggested that farmers utilise supplementary stingless bees in mustard cultivation (via open field application) to enhance sustainable agricultural outputs.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Mustard flowers opened throughout daytime and peaked from 8.00 to 10.00 h.
- Taxon
- mustard (Brassica juncea)
Brassica junceat0 - Organ / stage
- flowerse0
- Outcome
- Mustard flowers openede0
- Value
- 8.00 and 10.00 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mustard (Brassica juncea)”
e0“Mustard flowers opened throughout the daytime and peaked between 8.00 and 10.00 h.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nectar and pollen per spike were higher from 8.00 to 12.00 h.
- Taxon
- mustard (Brassica juncea)Brassica junceat0
- Outcome
- nectar/spike and pollen/spikee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 8.00 to 12.00 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mustard (Brassica juncea)”
e0“The availability of floral resources (nectar/spike and pollen/spike) remained higher from 8.00 to 12.00 h”
Claim · model-written summary
Flower visitor abundance, richness and diversity were higher from 8.00 to 12.00 h.
- Taxon
- mustard (Brassica juncea)Brassica junceat0
- Outcome
- abundance, richness, and diversity of flower visitorse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 8.00 to 12.00 he1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mustard (Brassica juncea)”
e0“during this time, the abundance, richness, and diversity of flower visitors were also higher.”
e1“from 8.00 to 12.00 h”
Claim · model-written summary
Apis cerana was an effective native mustard pollinator by the pollination service index.
- Taxon
- mustard (Brassica juncea)Brassica junceat0
- Interactor
- Apis cerana
Apis ceranae0pollinator - Outcome
- effective native pollinatorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mustard (Brassica juncea)”
e0“effective native pollinators (based on the pollination service index values) were Apis cerana, Apis florea, Ceratina binghami, Lasioglossum cavernifrons, and Tetragonula pagdeni.”
Claim · model-written summary
Apis florea was an effective native mustard pollinator by the pollination service index.
- Taxon
- mustard (Brassica juncea)Brassica junceat0
- Interactor
- Apis florea
Apis floreae0pollinator - Outcome
- effective native pollinatorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mustard (Brassica juncea)”
e0“effective native pollinators (based on the pollination service index values) were Apis cerana, Apis florea, Ceratina binghami, Lasioglossum cavernifrons, and Tetragonula pagdeni.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ceratina binghami was an effective native mustard pollinator by the pollination service index.
- Taxon
- mustard (Brassica juncea)Brassica junceat0
- Interactor
- Ceratina binghamiCeratina binghamie0pollinator
- Outcome
- effective native pollinatorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mustard (Brassica juncea)”
e0“effective native pollinators (based on the pollination service index values) were Apis cerana, Apis florea, Ceratina binghami, Lasioglossum cavernifrons, and Tetragonula pagdeni.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lasioglossum cavernifrons was an effective native mustard pollinator by the pollination service index.
- Taxon
- mustard (Brassica juncea)Brassica junceat0
- Interactor
- Lasioglossum cavernifronsLasioglossum cavernifronse0pollinator
- Outcome
- effective native pollinatorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mustard (Brassica juncea)”
e0“effective native pollinators (based on the pollination service index values) were Apis cerana, Apis florea, Ceratina binghami, Lasioglossum cavernifrons, and Tetragonula pagdeni.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tetragonula pagdeni was an effective native mustard pollinator by the pollination service index.
- Taxon
- mustard (Brassica juncea)Brassica junceat0
- Interactor
- Tetragonula pagdeniTetragonula pagdenie0pollinator
- Outcome
- effective native pollinatorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mustard (Brassica juncea)”
e0“effective native pollinators (based on the pollination service index values) were Apis cerana, Apis florea, Ceratina binghami, Lasioglossum cavernifrons, and Tetragonula pagdeni.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mustard pollination modes included sternotribic, noto-sternotribic and appendage mediated modes.
- Taxon
- mustard (Brassica juncea)Brassica junceat0
- Outcome
- sternotribic, noto-sternotribic, and appendage-mediatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mustard (Brassica juncea)”
e0“Pollination modes remained diverse, as sternotribic, noto-sternotribic, and appendage-mediated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Installing Indian stingless bees in mustard fields optimized yields.
- Taxon
- mustard (Brassica juncea)Brassica junceat0
- Treatment
- installation of Indian stingless beese0
- Interactor
- Indian stingless beese0pollinator
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- optimisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mustard (Brassica juncea)”
e0“The installation of Indian stingless bees in mustard fields optimised yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Mustard seed yield under managed stingless bees in open field was 1311.66 ± 88.12 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- mustard (Brassica juncea)Brassica junceat0
- Interactor
- stingless beesMeliponinie1pollinator
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Value
- 1311.66 ± 88.12 kg/hae0
- Setting
- open fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mustard (Brassica juncea)”
e0“the open field installation practice remained superior (seed yield: 1311.66 ± 88.12 kg/ha) to caged practices (netted fields: 856.23 ± 68.23 kg/ha and greenhouse fields: 901.86 ± 74.15 kg/ha).”
e1“The installation of Indian stingless bees in mustard fields optimised yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Mustard seed yield under managed stingless bees in netted fields was 856.23 ± 68.23 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- mustard (Brassica juncea)Brassica junceat0
- Interactor
- stingless beesMeliponinie1pollinator
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Value
- 856.23 ± 68.23 kg/hae0
- Setting
- netted fieldse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mustard (Brassica juncea)”
e0“the open field installation practice remained superior (seed yield: 1311.66 ± 88.12 kg/ha) to caged practices (netted fields: 856.23 ± 68.23 kg/ha and greenhouse fields: 901.86 ± 74.15 kg/ha).”
e1“The installation of Indian stingless bees in mustard fields optimised yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Mustard seed yield under managed stingless bees in greenhouse fields was 901.86 ± 74.15 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- mustard (Brassica juncea)Brassica junceat0
- Interactor
- stingless beesMeliponinie1pollinator
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Value
- 901.86 ± 74.15 kg/hae0
- Setting
- greenhouse fieldse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mustard (Brassica juncea)”
e0“the open field installation practice remained superior (seed yield: 1311.66 ± 88.12 kg/ha) to caged practices (netted fields: 856.23 ± 68.23 kg/ha and greenhouse fields: 901.86 ± 74.15 kg/ha).”
e1“The installation of Indian stingless bees in mustard fields optimised yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmers are advised to use supplementary stingless bees in open field mustard cultivation.
- Taxon
- mustard (Brassica juncea)Brassica junceat0
- Interactor
- stingless beesMeliponinie0pollinator
- Outcome
- utilise supplementary stingless bees in mustard cultivation (via open field application)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mustard (Brassica juncea)”
e0“it is suggested that farmers utilise supplementary stingless bees in mustard cultivation (via open field application) to enhance sustainable agricultural outputs.”
The same questions in other papers
pollination · yield · Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
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- positive
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