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“effective replacement”

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2000 ’10 ’20

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Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The authors inferred superior nitrogen compound use and inhibition of soil phosphorus activation by the two replacement species, explaining their control of Flaveria.

Taxon: Flaveria bidentisFlaveria bidentist0
Interactor: S.bicolor × S.sudanenseSorghum bicolore0other
Second interactor: M.sativaMedicago sativae0other
Outcome: effective replacement controle0
Qualifier: superior capacity in utilization soil of nitrogen compoundse0

Verbatim

e0
“both S.bicolor × S.sudanense and M.sativa might have superior capacity in utilization soil of nitrogen compounds than F.bidentis,and they can competitively inhibit its activation of phosphorus in soil as well in our experiment condition,helping explain their effective replacement control on this invasive species”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 891–1204

t0
“Flaveria bidentis”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 91–108

Title

Effects of four replacement plants on nutrient and enzymatic activities of soil invaded by Flaveria bidentis

Yang Dian-lin Soil and Environmental Sciences 2011

Other claims from this paper (3)

Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The authors recommend protection of Chinese temples to maintain biodiversity and improve urban greening.

Taxon: Plantt0
Outcome: effective protectione0

Verbatim

e0
“their effective protection may play a positive role in maintaining regional biodiversity and improving urban greening”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1187–1304

t0
“Plant diversity and species replacement in Chinese Buddhist temples”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–67

Title

Plant diversity and species replacement in Chinese Buddhist temples

Xinyang Wang; Cheng Jin; Li Huang; et al. Biodiversity Science 2020. doi:10.17520/biods.2019392

Other claims from this paper (5)

Observation Across 191 temples, 1,059 tree species from 116 families and 410 genera were recorded.
Observation Most tree species occurred in only one or two temples.
Observation Temple gardens contained 94 native and threatened tree species.
Association Tree species composition differed between climatic zones.
Observation Original Buddhist tree species were gradually replaced by native species from south to north.

Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The combined restoration approach was judged very effective.

Taxon: sandy grasslandt0
Outcome: very effective restoration methode0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“The combination of nutrient‐poor substrate, inoculation with raked/mown plant material and grazing proved to be a very effective restoration method for dry base‐rich sand ecosystems”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1523–1704

t0
“sandy grassland”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 130–145

Title

Is the combination of topsoil replacement and inoculation with plant material an effective tool for the restoration of threatened sandy grassland?

Carsten Eichberg; Christian Storm; Michael Stroh; et al. Applied Vegetation Science 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1654-109x.2010.01082.x

Other claims from this paper (5)

Observation Restored site vegetation developed continuously toward donor site vegetation.
Observation Target species ratios in restored sites tended toward donor site ratios.
Intervention effect Grazing reduced a carpet forming moss and litter.
Intervention effect Grazing significantly enhanced relative target species cover in the final two years.
Observation After four years, restored communities functioned as developed habitat network parts.

Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The authors conclude that replacing broad-spectrum insecticides with Bt crops can reduce intensification impacts if control of non-Bt pests remains effective.

Taxon: cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
Treatment: replacement of broad-spectrum insecticides by narrow-spectrum Bt cropse0
Interactor: pestse0pest
Outcome: impacts of agricultural intensification can be reducede0
Qualifier: does not reduce control of pests not affected by Bt cropse0

Verbatim

t0
“cotton”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 51–57

e0
“impacts of agricultural intensification can be reduced when replacement of broad-spectrum insecticides by narrow-spectrum Bt crops does not reduce control of pests not affected by Bt crops”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1062–1250

Title

Farm-scale evaluation of the impacts of transgenic cotton on biodiversity, pesticide use, and yield

Manda G. Cattaneo; Christine Yafuso; Chris Schmidt; et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2006. doi:10.1073/pnas.0508312103

Other claims from this paper (8)

Intervention effect Bt cotton reduced insecticide use in Arizona fields.
Intervention effect BtHr cotton did not affect herbicide use.
Association At a given number of insecticide applications, transgenic cotton yielded more than nontransgenic cotton.
Observation Overall yields were similar across nontransgenic, Bt, and BtHr cotton.
Intervention effect Higher insecticide use in nontransgenic cotton improved control of key pests.
Intervention effect Insecticides reduced nontarget insect diversity, unlike Bt and BtHr cotton.
Association Other agronomic and ecological factors affected biodiversity.
Association Relative to adjacent noncultivated sites, transgenic and nontransgenic cotton cultivation had similar effects on nontarget insect diversity.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Grazing reduced a carpet forming moss and litter.

Taxon: sandy grasslandt0
Outcome: carpet‐forming pleurocarpous moss species and of littere0
Direction: reductione0

Not reportedTreatmentComparator

Verbatim

e0
“reduction of a carpet‐forming pleurocarpous moss species and of litter”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1301–1371

t0
“sandy grassland”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 130–145

Title

Is the combination of topsoil replacement and inoculation with plant material an effective tool for the restoration of threatened sandy grassland?

Carsten Eichberg; Christian Storm; Michael Stroh; et al. Applied Vegetation Science 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1654-109x.2010.01082.x

Other claims from this paper (5)

Observation Restored site vegetation developed continuously toward donor site vegetation.
Observation Target species ratios in restored sites tended toward donor site ratios.
Intervention effect Grazing significantly enhanced relative target species cover in the final two years.
Method / resource The combined restoration approach was judged very effective.
Observation After four years, restored communities functioned as developed habitat network parts.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Restored site vegetation developed continuously toward donor site vegetation.

Taxon: sandy grasslandt0
Outcome: development of the restored sitese0
Direction: towardse0

Verbatim

e0
“NMDS revealed a continuous development of the restored sites towards the corresponding donor sites”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1046–1144

t0
“sandy grassland”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 130–145

Title

Is the combination of topsoil replacement and inoculation with plant material an effective tool for the restoration of threatened sandy grassland?

Carsten Eichberg; Christian Storm; Michael Stroh; et al. Applied Vegetation Science 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1654-109x.2010.01082.x

Other claims from this paper (5)

Observation Target species ratios in restored sites tended toward donor site ratios.
Intervention effect Grazing reduced a carpet forming moss and litter.
Intervention effect Grazing significantly enhanced relative target species cover in the final two years.
Method / resource The combined restoration approach was judged very effective.
Observation After four years, restored communities functioned as developed habitat network parts.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Target species ratios in restored sites tended toward donor site ratios.

Taxon: sandy grasslandt0
Outcome: target‐species ratios of the restored sitese0
Direction: towardse0

Verbatim

e0
“target‐species ratios of the restored sites tended towards the ratios of the donor sites”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1157–1245

t0
“sandy grassland”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 130–145

Title

Is the combination of topsoil replacement and inoculation with plant material an effective tool for the restoration of threatened sandy grassland?

Carsten Eichberg; Christian Storm; Michael Stroh; et al. Applied Vegetation Science 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1654-109x.2010.01082.x

Other claims from this paper (5)

Observation Restored site vegetation developed continuously toward donor site vegetation.
Intervention effect Grazing reduced a carpet forming moss and litter.
Intervention effect Grazing significantly enhanced relative target species cover in the final two years.
Method / resource The combined restoration approach was judged very effective.
Observation After four years, restored communities functioned as developed habitat network parts.

Observationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

After four years, restored communities functioned as developed habitat network parts.

Taxon: sandy grasslandt0
Outcome: restored plant communities serve as well‐developed parts of a habitat networke0
Value: 4 yre0

Verbatim

e0
“After 4 yr the restored plant communities serve as well‐developed parts of a habitat network”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1706–1798

t0
“sandy grassland”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 130–145

Title

Is the combination of topsoil replacement and inoculation with plant material an effective tool for the restoration of threatened sandy grassland?

Carsten Eichberg; Christian Storm; Michael Stroh; et al. Applied Vegetation Science 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1654-109x.2010.01082.x

Other claims from this paper (5)

Observation Restored site vegetation developed continuously toward donor site vegetation.
Observation Target species ratios in restored sites tended toward donor site ratios.
Intervention effect Grazing reduced a carpet forming moss and litter.
Intervention effect Grazing significantly enhanced relative target species cover in the final two years.
Method / resource The combined restoration approach was judged very effective.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Grazing significantly enhanced relative target species cover in the final two years.

Taxon: sandy grasslandt0
Treatment: grazinge0
Outcome: cover of target species in relation to total plant covere0
Direction: enhancede0
Qualifier: last two study yearse0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“cover of target species in relation to total plant cover was significantly enhanced by grazing in the last two study years”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1386–1508

t0
“sandy grassland”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 130–145

Title

Is the combination of topsoil replacement and inoculation with plant material an effective tool for the restoration of threatened sandy grassland?

Carsten Eichberg; Christian Storm; Michael Stroh; et al. Applied Vegetation Science 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1654-109x.2010.01082.x

Other claims from this paper (5)

Observation Restored site vegetation developed continuously toward donor site vegetation.
Observation Target species ratios in restored sites tended toward donor site ratios.
Intervention effect Grazing reduced a carpet forming moss and litter.
Method / resource The combined restoration approach was judged very effective.
Observation After four years, restored communities functioned as developed habitat network parts.

Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

Restoration strategy should account for stocking rates and machinery access.

Taxon: CallunaCallunae1
Outcome: adjust stocking rates and access to the site by machinerye0

Verbatim

e0
“The ability to adjust stocking rates and access to the site by machinery are critical factors to take into account in producing an effective strategy for long‐term Pteridium control and its replacement by target vegetation.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1699–1922

e1
“Calluna vulgaris”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 319–335

Title

Vegetation re‐establishment on land previously subject to control of Pteridium aquilinum by herbicide

Robin J. Pakeman; Rachael H. Thwaites; Mike G. Le Duc; et al. Applied Vegetation Science 2000. doi:10.2307/1478923

Other claims from this paper (7)

Intervention effect Disturbing litter and adding Calluna seeds were necessary for establishment at the low grazing site.
Intervention effect Continuing versus relaxing bracken control showed no observed difference over the experiment.
Intervention effect At the high grazing site, preventing sheep grazing, disturbing litter and adding propagules were necessary to enhance Calluna regeneration.
Intervention effect A nurse crop hindered Calluna establishment through vigorous growth.
Intervention effect Initial fertilizer application did not aid Calluna establishment at either site.
Intervention effect High livestock grazing prevented Calluna establishment.
Mechanism Some trampling may aid litter breakdown.

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“effective replacement”

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