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“decrease in A”

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plus 6 earlier · 1920s

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Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Ethylene-treated bananas showed a slightly greater daily fall in starch than controls.

Taxon: Bananast0
Treatment: Ethylenet0
Outcome: starche0
Direction: decreasee0
Qualifier: difference is even slightere0
Comparator: controlse0

Verbatim

e0
“Such bananas show also a slightly greater increase in sugars and decrease in starch from day to day than do the controls, but the difference is even slighter.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 171–329

t0
“Effect of Ethylene on the Ripening of Bananas”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–45

Title

Effect of Ethylene on the Ripening of Bananas

Herbert S. Wolfe Botanical Gazette 1931. doi:10.1086/334211

Other claims from this paper (10)

Intervention effect Bananas in 1:1000 ethylene yellowed slightly faster than controls.
Intervention effect Ethylene-treated bananas showed a slightly greater daily rise in sugars than controls.
Intervention effect Ethylene concentrations from 1:100 to 1:10,000 appeared equally effective.
Observation Ripe Gros Michel and Cavendish bananas contained 17-20 per cent total sugars.
Observation Ripe Gros Michel and Cavendish bananas contained 10-14 per cent sucrose.
Observation Ripe Gros Michel and Cavendish bananas contained less than 1 per cent starch.
Intervention effect Ethylene-treated banana respiration differed little or not at all from untreated bananas over 12-hour periods.
Intervention effect Ethylene immediately started ripening in rare quasidormant banana bunches while controls started several days later.
Method / resource The coefficient of ripeness was unreliable and insensitive.
Method / resource Comparable banana ripening results required samples from the same bunch.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Under severe drought, leaf and stalk injury reduced yield less than in normal seasons.

Taxon: cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
Treatment: leaf and stalk injuriese0
Outcome: yielde0
Direction: did not result in as great a decreasee0
Comparator: normal seasonse0

Verbatim

e0
“Severe drouth in 1930 caused moisture to become the limiting factor so that leaf and stalk injuries did not result in as great a decrease in yield as in normal seasons”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2452–2619

t0
“corn plant”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 75–85

Title

The effect of injury in imitation of hail damage on the development of the corn plant

J. C. Eldredge Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) 1935

Other claims from this paper (19)

Intervention effect Total leaf removal reduced corn yield in proportion to unrolled leaf percentage.
Intervention effect Total leaf removal caused 9 percent yield reduction in early June.
Intervention effect Total leaf removal caused 100 percent yield reduction near July 20 before tasseling.
Intervention effect Severe shredding reduced early-June yield by 2 percent.
Intervention effect Severe shredding caused 50 percent yield reduction before tasseling.
Intervention effect Removing one-third of leaves caused 30 percent yield reduction at tasseling-silking.
Intervention effect Removing two-thirds of leaves caused 70 percent yield reduction at tasseling-silking.
Intervention effect Removing half of each leaf before tasseling reduced yield 27 percent.
Intervention effect Removing half of each leaf at full tasseling reduced yield 33 percent.
Intervention effect Removing half of each leaf at milk stage reduced yield 13 percent.
Intervention effect Minor leaf injuries did not significantly decrease yield.
Intervention effect Severe bruising of stalks and ears before tasseling reduced yield 20 percent.
Intervention effect Combined bruising and shredding reduced yield 64 percent before tasseling.
Intervention effect Combined bruising and shredding reduced yield 77 percent at tasseling.
Intervention effect Corn strains did not significantly differ in yield reduction from severe shredding.
Intervention effect In June drought, injured plots yielded somewhat more than checks.
Intervention effect Leaf and stalk injury usually caused little reduction in kernel development by bushel test weight.
Intervention effect Ear bruising produced 2 to 3 percent damaged kernels.
Intervention effect Injury before tasseling increased smutted plants; other corn diseases showed no noticeable increase.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Higher egg destruction reduced stalk boring, joint boring and moth population.

Taxon: canet0
Treatment: higher destruction of borer eggse0
Interactor: borert0pest
Outcome: proportion of stalks bored, joints bored and moth population produced per acree0
Direction: decreasee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“This higher destruction of borer eggs resulted in a decided decrease in the proportion of stalks bored, joints bored and moth population produced per acre in mi11ablecane”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 529–699

t0
“Sugar Cane Borer Control”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–24

Title

Sugar Cane Borer Control by Trichogramma Colonization in Louisiana in 1932

W. E. Hinds; B. A. Osterberger; A. L. Dugas Journal of Economic Entomology 1933. doi:10.1093/jee/26.4.758

Other claims from this paper (6)

Intervention effect Colonization sharply increased parasitism in cane and corn fields.
Observation The parasites spread promptly into adjacent fields.
Intervention effect Borer egg destruction in colonized and adjacent fields was about 28% higher than checks.
Intervention effect Parasite colonization apparently saved about 6000 millable stalks per acre.
Intervention effect Reduced borer attack saved 21 to 25 pounds of sugar per ton of cane.
Observation Colonization cost less than $1.00 per acre on average.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Total weed cover at one centre decreased from 17‐0 to 3–7 per cent between April and September.

Taxon: weedse0
Outcome: total weedse0
Direction: decreasee0
Value: 17‐0 to 3–7 per cent.e0
Qualifier: between April and Septembere0

Not reportedTreatmentComparator

Verbatim

e0
“there was a decrease in “total weeds” ( i.e. the sum of the areas covered by individual species) from 17‐0 to 3–7 per cent., between April and September”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1031–1183

Title

AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF CLOSELY CUT TURF TREATED WITH AMMONIUM AND FERROUS SULPHATES

G. E. BLACKMAJST Annals of Applied Biology 1932. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1932.tb04317.x

Other claims from this paper (13)

Intervention effect Ammonium sulphate greatly diminished weed cover in closely cut turf.
Intervention effect Trifolium repens was more susceptible to the dressing than other species.
Intervention effect Achillea Millefolium was more susceptible to the dressing than other species.
Observation Weed changes on control plots were slight.
Association Reduced weed cover was associated with expanded grass cover.
Observation The dominant grass species expanded most.
Intervention effect Ferrous ammonium sulphate reduced weeds more than ammonium sulphate alone.
Intervention effect A mixture of ferrous and ammonium sulphates reduced weeds more than ammonium sulphate alone.
Intervention effect Ferrous ammonium sulphate reduced weed area from 12‐5 to 0–3 per cent.
Intervention effect Equivalent nitrogen ammonium sulphate reduced weed area from 10‐6 to 5‐0 per cent.
Association Soil reaction changes did not support acidity as a prerequisite for weed diminution.
Mechanism The authors suggest ammonium ions are toxic to most weeds.
Mechanism The authors suggest ammonium ions increase grass growth.

Observationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Some rust strains showed reduced sporulation vigor and uredia that failed to rupture wheat epidermis.

Taxon: wheat plantTriticum aestivume0
Interactor: Puccinia graminis TriticiPuccinia graminise1pathogen
Outcome: vigor of sporulatione0
Direction: decreasee0

Verbatim

e0
“A decrease in the vigor of sporulation, that is, a tendency to form uredia that fail to rupture the epidermis of the wheat plant”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 408–536

e1
“The inbreeding of physiologic races of Puccinia graminis Tritici by means of the selfing of certain selected strains for several successive generations has given rise to rust strains with various abnormal characteristics manifested not only in the uredial and telial stages but also in the pycnial and aecial stages.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–316

e2
“A decrease in the vigor of sporulation, that is, a tendency to form uredia that fail to rupture the epidermis of the wheat plant.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 408–537

e3
“Wheat varieties susceptible to such strains at ordinary greenhouse temperatures develop resistance towards them at temperatures above 80° F.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 911–1051

Title

THE ORIGIN OF ABNORMAL RUST CHARACTERISTICS THROUGH THE INBREEDING OF PHYSIOLOGIC RACES OF PUCCINIA GRAMINIS TRITICI

Thorvaldur Johnson; Margaret Newton Canadian Journal of Research/Canadian journal of research 1938. doi:10.1139/cjr38c-004

Other claims from this paper (10)

Observation Selfing produced rust strains with abnormal spore-stage characteristics.
Observation Some selfed rust strains developed abnormal uredial colors.
Observation Some selfed rust strains had reduced pathogenic vigor and tended toward type x infection.
Observation Some selfed rust strains were more heat sensitive than field strains.
Intervention effect Wheat varieties susceptible at ordinary greenhouse temperatures became resistant above 80° F to selfed rust strains.
Intervention effect Wheat response to field-collected rust cultures remained almost unaffected by higher temperature.
Observation Some rust strains lost ability to produce aecia on barberry.
Observation Some strains developed uredia and telia on barberry after losing aecia production.
Observation Many inbred rust strains showed no abnormalities.
Mechanism Authors suggested recessive mutations and selfing-mediated segregation explain abnormal rust traits.

Observationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Corn borer population in the Eastern States survey decreased about 2% versus 1930.

Taxon: cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
Interactor: Pyrausta nubilalisOstrinia nubilalise3pest
Outcome: borer populatione0
Direction: decreasee0
Value: approximately 2 per cente0
Comparator: last survey conducted in the same counties in 1930e0
Setting: Eastern States areae1

Verbatim

e0
“a decrease of approximately 2 per cent in the borer population of the territory surveyed, when compared to the last survey conducted in the same counties in 1930.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 486–648

e1
“Eastern States area”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 456–475

e2
“field corn”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 708–718

e3
“com borer (Pyrausta nubilalis)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 24–54

Title

The European Corn Borer Situation in the United States at the Close of 1932

D. J. Caffrey; L. H. Worthley Journal of Economic Entomology 1933. doi:10.1093/jee/26.1.85

Other claims from this paper (10)

Observationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Some selfed rust strains had reduced pathogenic vigor and tended toward type x infection.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivume2
Interactor: Puccinia graminis TriticiPuccinia graminise1pathogen
Outcome: pathogenic vigore0
Direction: decreasee0

Verbatim

e0
“A decrease of pathogenic vigor in certain strains, as shown, for example, by a tendency towards an "x" type of infection in cultures descending from strains that appeared homozygous for the more vigorous "4" type of infection.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 544–770

e1
“The inbreeding of physiologic races of Puccinia graminis Tritici by means of the selfing of certain selected strains for several successive generations has given rise to rust strains with various abnormal characteristics manifested not only in the uredial and telial stages but also in the pycnial and aecial stages.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–316

e2
“A decrease in the vigor of sporulation, that is, a tendency to form uredia that fail to rupture the epidermis of the wheat plant.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 408–537

e3
“Wheat varieties susceptible to such strains at ordinary greenhouse temperatures develop resistance towards them at temperatures above 80° F.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 911–1051

Title

THE ORIGIN OF ABNORMAL RUST CHARACTERISTICS THROUGH THE INBREEDING OF PHYSIOLOGIC RACES OF PUCCINIA GRAMINIS TRITICI

Thorvaldur Johnson; Margaret Newton Canadian Journal of Research/Canadian journal of research 1938. doi:10.1139/cjr38c-004

Other claims from this paper (10)

Observation Selfing produced rust strains with abnormal spore-stage characteristics.
Observation Some selfed rust strains developed abnormal uredial colors.
Observation Some rust strains showed reduced sporulation vigor and uredia that failed to rupture wheat epidermis.
Observation Some selfed rust strains were more heat sensitive than field strains.
Intervention effect Wheat varieties susceptible at ordinary greenhouse temperatures became resistant above 80° F to selfed rust strains.
Intervention effect Wheat response to field-collected rust cultures remained almost unaffected by higher temperature.
Observation Some rust strains lost ability to produce aecia on barberry.
Observation Some strains developed uredia and telia on barberry after losing aecia production.
Observation Many inbred rust strains showed no abnormalities.
Mechanism Authors suggested recessive mutations and selfing-mediated segregation explain abnormal rust traits.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Ethylene-treated bananas showed a slightly greater daily rise in sugars than controls.

Taxon: Bananast0
Treatment: Ethylenet0
Outcome: sugarse0
Direction: greater increasee0
Qualifier: difference is even slightere0
Comparator: controlse0

Verbatim

e0
“Such bananas show also a slightly greater increase in sugars and decrease in starch from day to day than do the controls, but the difference is even slighter.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 171–329

t0
“Effect of Ethylene on the Ripening of Bananas”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–45

Title

Effect of Ethylene on the Ripening of Bananas

Herbert S. Wolfe Botanical Gazette 1931. doi:10.1086/334211

Other claims from this paper (10)

Intervention effect Bananas in 1:1000 ethylene yellowed slightly faster than controls.
Intervention effect Ethylene-treated bananas showed a slightly greater daily fall in starch than controls.
Intervention effect Ethylene concentrations from 1:100 to 1:10,000 appeared equally effective.
Observation Ripe Gros Michel and Cavendish bananas contained 17-20 per cent total sugars.
Observation Ripe Gros Michel and Cavendish bananas contained 10-14 per cent sucrose.
Observation Ripe Gros Michel and Cavendish bananas contained less than 1 per cent starch.
Intervention effect Ethylene-treated banana respiration differed little or not at all from untreated bananas over 12-hour periods.
Intervention effect Ethylene immediately started ripening in rare quasidormant banana bunches while controls started several days later.
Method / resource The coefficient of ripeness was unreliable and insensitive.
Method / resource Comparable banana ripening results required samples from the same bunch.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

A third barley variety showed increased thousand-grain weight.

Taxon: barleyHordeum vulgaret0
Treatment: low-temperature grain pre-treatmentt1
Outcome: 1000-grain weighte2
Direction: increasee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“one being unaffected, another showing a decrease, while the third showed an increase.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1326–1411

t0
“wheat and barley”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 107–123

t1
“low-temperature grain pre-treatment”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 14–49

e2
“Only one wheat variety showed an increase in 1000-grain weight”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1051–1113

Title

The effect of low-temperature grain pre-treatment on the development, yield and grain of some varieties of wheat and barley

G. D. H. Bell The Journal of Agricultural Science 1937. doi:10.1017/s0021859600051674

Other claims from this paper (17)

Intervention effect Pretreatment reduced tiller number in winter wheat and barley.
Intervention effect Pretreatment did not affect ear number at harvest.
Intervention effect Spring wheat tillers decreased slightly.
Intervention effect Gross plot yields were unaffected in all varieties.
Intervention effect Yield per plant generally increased in wheat varieties.
Intervention effect One barley variety showed unchanged yield per ear.
Intervention effect Another barley variety showed increased yield per ear.
Intervention effect A third barley variety showed reduced yield per ear.
Intervention effect One wheat variety showed increased thousand-grain weight.
Intervention effect Wheat varieties differed in grain nitrogen response.
Intervention effect One barley variety showed unchanged thousand-grain weight.
Intervention effect Another barley variety showed decreased thousand-grain weight.
Association Maximum tiller number had little relation to ear number at harvest.
Association High barley yield and low nitrogen accompanied the largest ear number.
Association In barley the largest ear number accompanied lowest tillering.
Association In wheat high yield associated with high thousand-grain weight.
Observation Spring varieties outyielded winter varieties in both experiments.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Three hours at 3655Å initially raised division frequency above normal.

Taxon: PlantsViridiplantaet0
Treatment: ray of 3655Å for 3 hourse0
Outcome: frequency of nuclear divisione0
Direction: above normale0
Comparator: normale0

Verbatim

e0
“When the material is exposed to the ray of 3655Å for 3 hours, the frequency of nuclear division is above normal for a time, followed by a decrease below normal.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1043–1203

t0
“Plants”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 80–86

Title

On the Influence of Ultra-violet Rays upon the Frequency of Nuclear Division in Plants

N. Takamine CYTOLOGIA 1935. doi:10.1508/cytologia.6.444

Other claims from this paper (8)

Intervention effect After ultraviolet exposure, nuclear divisions were initially greater on the source side and rose to a maximum.
Intervention effect Nuclear division frequency fell below normal after its second or third hour maximum.
Observation Division frequency tended to recover after one or two days when exposure was not too long.
Intervention effect Long exposure showed no indication of recovery.
Intervention effect Irradiation at 2535-2537Å did not increase nuclear divisions.
Intervention effect Irradiation at 2535-2537Å caused an immediate decrease in divisions.
Observation After 2535-2537Å exposure, division frequency tended to recover.
Intervention effect After the initial rise at 3655Å, nuclear division frequency decreased below normal.

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“decrease in A”

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