Abstract
Parasitism of Plutellaxylostella by Cotesia plutellae was determined on Brassica oleracea L. var capitata under insecticidal treatment. The variety KK cross was planted in three seasons at the Weija Irrigation Company Limited, Weija. The insecticides applied were Lambda-Cyhalothrin marketed as Karate 2.5 EC (4.66 - 9.321/ ha at 2.4 ml. / litre of water), Bacillus thuringiensis wettable powder (1.94 - 3.88 kg / ha at 1.0 g / litre of water) and neem seed water extract (194.1kg / ha at 50 g / litre of water). The insecticides were applied after the first sampling of insects and thereafter, every two weeks. There were four replicates per treatment and each had 21 plants. Larvae of P xylostella and pupae of C. plutellae were sampled from the seven central plants three weeks after transplanting and thereafter every week till harvest. Laboratory studies were carried out to determine the direct and residual effects of the insecticides on the adults and the pupae of the parasitoid at a mean temperature of 23 + 2 °C and relative humidity of 45 ± 1%. The neem product used was 1.0 ml. Neem-azal / litre of water. Each treatment was replicated four times and each had 10 individuals. Field parasitism rates were higher on the Karate treated plots but these were not significantly different (p > 0.05) from the other treatments. The proportion of C. plutellae adults that eventually emerged from field parasitized P. xylostella was not significantly different (p > 0.05) between the control and Karate treated plots. In the laboratory, Karate caused 100% mortality within a minute of direct exposure. A significantly higher mortality of 31% (p < 0.05) was recorded in the pupae exposed directly to Neem Azal as spray whereas Karate caused only 3.6%. However; it was only adult C. plutellae emerging from Karate treated pupae that sometimes died in the process of eclosion or lived for only a day. Both neem products adversely affected the ability of the parasitoid larva to spin its cocoon. The results suggest that an Integrated Management strategy based on either lower doses of the neem products or Bacillus thuringiensis and C. plutellae can be developed against P xylostella on cabbage.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Field parasitism was higher with Karate but did not differ significantly from other treatments.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleracea L.
Brassica oleraceae1 - Treatment
- Karatee0
- Interactor
- Cotesia Plutellaekurdjumovt0other
- Outcome
- Field parasitism ratese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotesia Plutellaekurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) And Parasitoid Development On Brassica Oleracea L.”
e0“Field parasitism rates were higher on the Karate treated plots but these were not significantly different (p > 0.05) from the other treatments”
e1“on Brassica oleracea L. var capitata”
Claim · model-written summary
Adult parasitoid emergence did not differ significantly between control and Karate plots.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleracea L.Brassica oleraceae1
- Treatment
- Karate treated plotse0
- Interactor
- C. plutellaeCotesia vestalise0other
- Second interactor
- P. xylostellae0pest
- Outcome
- proportion of C. plutellae adults that eventually emergede0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotesia Plutellaekurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) And Parasitoid Development On Brassica Oleracea L.”
e0“The proportion of C. plutellae adults that eventually emerged from field parasitized P. xylostella was not significantly different (p > 0.05) between the control and Karate treated plots”
e1“Brassica oleracea L. var capitata”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct Karate exposure killed all adult parasitoids within a minute.
- Taxon
- Brassica Oleracea L.t0
- Treatment
- Karatee0
- Interactor
- Cotesia Plutellaekurdjumovt0other
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
t0“Cotesia Plutellaekurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) And Parasitoid Development On Brassica Oleracea L.”
e0“Karate caused 100% mortality within a minute of direct exposure”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct Neem Azal spray caused 31% pupal mortality, significantly above Karate at 3.6%.
Verbatim
t0“Cotesia Plutellaekurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) And Parasitoid Development On Brassica Oleracea L.”
e0“A significantly higher mortality of 31% (p < 0.05) was recorded in the pupae exposed directly to Neem Azal as spray whereas Karate caused only 3.6%”
Claim · model-written summary
Adults emerging from Karate treated pupae sometimes died during eclosion or after one day.
- Taxon
- Brassica Oleracea L.t0
- Treatment
- Karate treated pupaee0
- Interactor
- C. plutellaeCotesia vestalise0other
- Outcome
- died in the process of eclosion or lived for only a daye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
t0“Cotesia Plutellaekurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) And Parasitoid Development On Brassica Oleracea L.”
e0“adult C. plutellae emerging from Karate treated pupae that sometimes died in the process of eclosion or lived for only a day”
Claim · model-written summary
Both neem products impaired parasitoid larval cocoon spinning.
- Taxon
- Brassica Oleracea L.t0
- Treatment
- Both neem productse0
- Interactor
- Cotesia Plutellaekurdjumovt0other
- Outcome
- ability of the parasitoid larva to spin its cocoone0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
t0“Cotesia Plutellaekurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) And Parasitoid Development On Brassica Oleracea L.”
e0“Both neem products adversely affected the ability of the parasitoid larva to spin its cocoon”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed an integrated strategy using lower neem doses or Bacillus thuringiensis with C. plutellae against P. xylostella.
- Taxon
- Brassica Oleracea L.t0
- Interactor
- P xylostellae0pest
- Second interactor
- C. plutellaeCotesia vestalise0other
- Outcome
- an Integrated Management strategy based on either lower doses of the neem products or Bacillus thuringiensis and C. plutellaee0
Verbatim
t0“Cotesia Plutellaekurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) And Parasitoid Development On Brassica Oleracea L.”
e0“an Integrated Management strategy based on either lower doses of the neem products or Bacillus thuringiensis and C. plutellae can be developed against P xylostella on cabbage”
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