Abstract
The indigenous antagonistic microorganisms Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus cereus and their lytic enzymes (β-glucanase and cellulase) were used to control the damping-off disease of yard long bean (Vigna sesquipedalis L.). T. harzianum strain NST-02 and B. cereus strain NST-03 produced high levels of crude enzymes, both cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase, which highly inhibited the mycelial growth of Pythium aphanidermatum. Under greenhouse conditions, T. harzianum NST-02, B. cereus NST-03 and their crude enzymes were able to induce the resistance-related enzymes polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. In all treatments, the level of Pythium-associated damping-off disease was reduced compared with the control treatment (water). For the field experiments, combination of T. harzianum NST-02, B. cereus NST-03 and their crude enzymes provided increased efficacy for the control of Pythium-associated damping-off disease compared with the application of either T. harzianum NST-02 or B. cereus NST-03 alone. The treatment that used T. harzianum NST-02, in combination with the crude cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase enzymes, resulted in the lowest incidence of disease, but it was not significantly different from the incidence achieved when the synthetic chemical metalaxyl was used. Reduction in the level of damping-off disease due to use of the combined treatment consisting of T. harzianum NST-02 and the crude cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase enzymes resulted in the highest yield and the longest length of yard long bean pods. In addition, combination of T. harzianum and B. cereus treatments, with crude cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase enzymes, promoted an increase in T. harzianum and B. cereus populations and root colonization and resulted in the increased efficacy of the control of damping-off disease in yard long bean compared with treatments that used T. harzianum and B. cereus alone.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Crude enzymes of T. harzianum strain NST-02 highly inhibited mycelial growth of Pythium aphanidermatum.
- Taxon
- yard long bean
Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise1 - Treatment
- crude enzymese2
- Interactor
- Pythium aphanidermatumPythium aphanidermatume2pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianum strain NST-02
Trichoderma harzianume2biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- mycelial growthe2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“control the damping-off disease of yard long bean (Vigna sesquipedalis L.)”
e2“T. harzianum strain NST-02 and B. cereus strain NST-03 produced high levels of crude enzymes, both cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase, which highly inhibited the mycelial growth of Pythium aphanidermatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Crude enzymes of B. cereus strain NST-03 highly inhibited mycelial growth of Pythium aphanidermatum.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise1
- Treatment
- crude enzymese2
- Interactor
- Pythium aphanidermatumPythium aphanidermatume2pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. cereus strain NST-03
Bacillus cereuse2biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- mycelial growthe2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“control the damping-off disease of yard long bean (Vigna sesquipedalis L.)”
e2“T. harzianum strain NST-02 and B. cereus strain NST-03 produced high levels of crude enzymes, both cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase, which highly inhibited the mycelial growth of Pythium aphanidermatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Under greenhouse conditions, T. harzianum NST-02, B. cereus NST-03 and their crude enzymes induced polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in yard long bean.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise1
- Treatment
- T. harzianum NST-02, B. cereus NST-03 and their crude enzymese3
- Interactor
- T. harzianum NST-02Trichoderma harzianume3biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- B. cereus NST-03Bacillus cereuse3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- resistance-related enzymes polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyasee3
- Direction
- inducee3
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“control the damping-off disease of yard long bean (Vigna sesquipedalis L.)”
e3“Under greenhouse conditions, T. harzianum NST-02, B. cereus NST-03 and their crude enzymes were able to induce the resistance-related enzymes polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments reduced Pythium-associated damping-off disease in yard long bean compared with the water control.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise1
- Treatment
- In all treatmentse4
- Outcome
- level of Pythium-associated damping-off diseasee4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Comparator
- control treatment (water)e4
.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
PythiumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“control the damping-off disease of yard long bean (Vigna sesquipedalis L.)”
e4“In all treatments, the level of Pythium-associated damping-off disease was reduced compared with the control treatment (water)”
Claim · model-written summary
In field experiments, combined T. harzianum NST-02, B. cereus NST-03 and their crude enzymes increased efficacy against Pythium-associated damping-off disease compared with either T. harzianum NST-02 or B. cereus NST-03 alone.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise1
- Treatment
- combination of T. harzianum NST-02, B. cereus NST-03 and their crude enzymese5
- Second interactor
- T. harzianum NST-02Trichoderma harzianume5biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- efficacy for the control of Pythium-associated damping-off diseasee5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- either T. harzianum NST-02 or B. cereus NST-03 alonee5
- Setting
- field experimentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“control the damping-off disease of yard long bean (Vigna sesquipedalis L.)”
e5“For the field experiments, combination of T. harzianum NST-02, B. cereus NST-03 and their crude enzymes provided increased efficacy for the control of Pythium-associated damping-off disease compared with the application of either T. harzianum NST-02 or B. cereus NST-03 alone”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of T. harzianum NST-02 with crude cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase enzymes gave the lowest disease incidence in yard long bean.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise1
- Treatment
- T. harzianum NST-02, in combination with the crude cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase enzymese6
- Outcome
- incidence of diseasee6
- Direction
- loweste6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“control the damping-off disease of yard long bean (Vigna sesquipedalis L.)”
e6“The treatment that used T. harzianum NST-02, in combination with the crude cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase enzymes, resulted in the lowest incidence of disease, but it was not significantly different from the incidence achieved when the synthetic chemical metalaxyl was used”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease incidence with T. harzianum NST-02 plus crude cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase enzymes did not differ significantly from that with metalaxyl.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise1
- Treatment
- T. harzianum NST-02, in combination with the crude cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase enzymese6
- Outcome
- incidencee6
- Comparator
- synthetic chemical metalaxyle6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“control the damping-off disease of yard long bean (Vigna sesquipedalis L.)”
e6“The treatment that used T. harzianum NST-02, in combination with the crude cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase enzymes, resulted in the lowest incidence of disease, but it was not significantly different from the incidence achieved when the synthetic chemical metalaxyl was used”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment gave the highest yield of yard long bean.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise7
- Treatment
- combined treatment consisting of T. harzianum NST-02 and the crude cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase enzymese7
- Outcome
- yielde7
- Direction
- higheste7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Reduction in the level of damping-off disease due to use of the combined treatment consisting of T. harzianum NST-02 and the crude cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase enzymes resulted in the highest yield and the longest length of yard long bean pods”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment gave the longest yard long bean pods.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise7
- Treatment
- combined treatment consisting of T. harzianum NST-02 and the crude cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase enzymese7
- Outcome
- length of yard long bean podse7
- Direction
- longeste7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Reduction in the level of damping-off disease due to use of the combined treatment consisting of T. harzianum NST-02 and the crude cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase enzymes resulted in the highest yield and the longest length of yard long bean pods”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining T. harzianum and B. cereus treatments with crude cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase enzymes increased T. harzianum and B. cereus populations and root colonization in yard long bean compared with the single antagonists.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise1
- Treatment
- combination of T. harzianum and B. cereus treatments, with crude cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase enzymese0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- B. cereusBacillus cereuse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- T. harzianum and B. cereus populations and root colonizatione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- treatments that used T. harzianum and B. cereus alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“control the damping-off disease of yard long bean (Vigna sesquipedalis L.)”
e0“In addition, combination of T. harzianum and B. cereus treatments, with crude cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase enzymes, promoted an increase in T. harzianum and B. cereus populations and root colonization and resulted in the increased efficacy of the control of damping-off disease in yard long bean compared with treatments that used T. harzianum and B. cereus alone”
The same questions in other papers
Bacillus cereus · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Trichoderma harzianum · disease · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Trichoderma harzianum · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.