Abstract
Fruit ripening is a genetically regulated process involving well orchestrated chemical and structural changes giving the ripe fruit its desirable characteristics including color, texture, flavor and aroma. Environmental stresses, especially temperature above 30°C, impair both fruit set and ripening. Our laboratory has previously characterized a novel small heat shock protein (sHSP), designated as VISCOSITY1 (VIS1) whose endogenous expression patterns were correlated with juice quality attributes. I have characterized effects of VIS1 on growth and development of tomato under greenhouse and field conditions using transgenic plants constitutively expressing sense (OS) - and antisense (OA) genes of VIS1. Four hour incubation at 35, 40 and 45°C followed by 7 days growth in greenhouse, VIS1-OS tomato seedlings exhibited significant increases in fresh and dry weights compared to wild-type seedlings when exposed to heat shock whereas VIS1-OA seedlings showed comparable growth to wild-type seedlings at all temperatures tested. Maximum increase in growth of VIS1-OS seedlings was observed after exposure at 35°C. Similar trends were observed when VIS1-OS seedlings were gradually exposed to higher temperatures, but increase was less pronounced than those obtained after heat shock at the same temperatures. VIS1-OA seedlings showed a significant decrease in fresh and dry weight gain after gradual exposure to higher temperatures. Under field conditions, VIS1-OS plants did not exhibit significant increase in fresh and dry weights but the VIS1-OA plants showed decreased growth throughout plant lifecycle. VIS1-OS plants showed a change in the architecture of flower clusters from simple to dichotymously branched cyme and increase in the number of flowers. Fruit ripening was delayed in VIS1-OS plants, while early ripening were observed in plants expressing antisense VIS1. Recombinant VIS1 protected malate dehydrogenase from thermal aggregation at 45°C indicating its chaperone activity. VIS1-OS seedlings showed higher amino acid uptake and in vivo protein synthesis under heat stress suggesting a role for VIS1 in maintaining cellular vitality. Transgenic plants over-expressing other sHSPs (chloroplast-specific sHSP with and without transit peptide and mitochondrial-specific sHSP) were developed. Preliminary characterization of lines homozygous for these transgenes implied a role in ripening for these sHSPs. Taken together my results provide strong evidences that VIS1 in particular and sHSPs in general play significant roles in plant growth and development both under normal and high temperature growth conditions.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
VIS1-OS seedlings had significantly higher fresh and dry weights than wild type after heat shock.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Material
- VIS1-OSe1
- Treatment
- heat shocke1
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weightse1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Comparator
- wild-type seedlingse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Small heat shock proteins regulate growth and development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“VIS1-OS tomato seedlings exhibited significant increases in fresh and dry weights compared to wild-type seedlings when exposed to heat shock”
Claim · model-written summary
VIS1-OA seedlings grew comparably to wild type at all tested temperatures.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- VIS1-OAe2
- Treatment
- Four hour incubation at 35, 40 and 45°Ce3
- Outcome
- growthe2
- Direction
- comparablee2
- Comparator
- wild-type seedlingse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Small heat shock proteins regulate growth and development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e2“VIS1-OA seedlings showed comparable growth to wild-type seedlings at all temperatures tested”
e3“Four hour incubation at 35, 40 and 45°C”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum growth increase of VIS1-OS seedlings occurred after exposure at 35°C.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- VIS1-OSe4
- Treatment
- exposure at 35°Ce4
- Outcome
- increase in growthe4
- Direction
- Maximum increasee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Small heat shock proteins regulate growth and development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e4“Maximum increase in growth of VIS1-OS seedlings was observed after exposure at 35°C”
Claim · model-written summary
Gradual exposure to higher temperatures gave a less pronounced growth increase in VIS1-OS seedlings than heat shock.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- VIS1-OSe5
- Treatment
- gradually exposed to higher temperaturese5
- Outcome
- increasee5
- Direction
- less pronouncede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Small heat shock proteins regulate growth and development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e5“Similar trends were observed when VIS1-OS seedlings were gradually exposed to higher temperatures, but increase was less pronounced”
Claim · model-written summary
VIS1-OA seedlings had decreased fresh and dry weight gain after gradual exposure to higher temperatures.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- VIS1-OAe6
- Treatment
- gradual exposure to higher temperaturese6
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weight gaine6
- Direction
- decreasee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Small heat shock proteins regulate growth and development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e6“VIS1-OA seedlings showed a significant decrease in fresh and dry weight gain after gradual exposure to higher temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Under field conditions VIS1-OS plants did not show significant increase in fresh and dry weights.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- VIS1-OSe7
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weightse7
- Direction
- did not exhibit significant increasee7
- Setting
- field conditionse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Small heat shock proteins regulate growth and development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e7“Under field conditions, VIS1-OS plants did not exhibit significant increase in fresh and dry weights”
Claim · model-written summary
Under field conditions VIS1-OA plants showed decreased growth throughout the plant life cycle.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- VIS1-OAe0
- Treatment
- VIS1-OAe0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- field conditionse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Small heat shock proteins regulate growth and development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e7“Under field conditions, VIS1-OS plants did not exhibit significant increase in fresh and dry weights”
e0“the VIS1-OA plants showed decreased growth throughout plant lifecycle”
Claim · model-written summary
VIS1-OS plants changed flower cluster architecture from simple to dichotomously branched cymes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- VIS1-OSe1
- Outcome
- architecture of flower clusterse1
- Direction
- changee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Small heat shock proteins regulate growth and development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“VIS1-OS plants showed a change in the architecture of flower clusters from simple to dichotymously branched cyme and increase in the number of flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
VIS1-OS plants had more flowers.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- VIS1-OSe1
- Outcome
- number of flowerse1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Small heat shock proteins regulate growth and development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“VIS1-OS plants showed a change in the architecture of flower clusters from simple to dichotymously branched cyme and increase in the number of flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit ripening was delayed in VIS1-OS plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- VIS1-OSe1
- Outcome
- Fruit ripeninge1
- Direction
- delayede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Small heat shock proteins regulate growth and development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“Fruit ripening was delayed in VIS1-OS plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants expressing antisense VIS1 ripened early.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- antisense VIS1e1
- Outcome
- ripeninge1
- Direction
- earlye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Small heat shock proteins regulate growth and development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“early ripening were observed in plants expressing antisense VIS1”
Claim · model-written summary
Recombinant VIS1 protected malate dehydrogenase from thermal aggregation at 45°C.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Recombinant VIS1e1
- Gene
- malate dehydrogenasee1
- Outcome
- thermal aggregatione1
- Direction
- protectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Small heat shock proteins regulate growth and development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“Recombinant VIS1 protected malate dehydrogenase from thermal aggregation at 45°C indicating its chaperone activity”
Claim · model-written summary
VIS1-OS seedlings had higher amino acid uptake and in vivo protein synthesis under heat stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- VIS1-OSe1
- Treatment
- heat stresse1
- Outcome
- amino acid uptake and in vivo protein synthesise1
- Direction
- highere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Small heat shock proteins regulate growth and development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“VIS1-OS seedlings showed higher amino acid uptake and in vivo protein synthesis under heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
VIS1 may have a role in maintaining cellular vitality.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- VIS1e1
- Outcome
- maintaining cellular vitalitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Small heat shock proteins regulate growth and development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“suggesting a role for VIS1 in maintaining cellular vitality”
Claim · model-written summary
Other sHSPs may have a role in ripening, based on preliminary characterization of homozygous transgenic lines.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- sHSPse1
- Outcome
- ripeninge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Small heat shock proteins regulate growth and development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“Preliminary characterization of lines homozygous for these transgenes implied a role in ripening for these sHSPs”
Claim · model-written summary
VIS1 and sHSPs play significant roles in plant growth and development under normal and high temperature conditions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- VIS1e1
- Outcome
- plant growth and developmente1
- Qualifier
- both under normal and high temperature growth conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Small heat shock proteins regulate growth and development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“VIS1 in particular and sHSPs in general play significant roles in plant growth and development both under normal and high temperature growth conditions”
The same questions in other papers
heat · quality: protein · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.