Abstract
Composted and fresh beef cattle manure samples were extracted with distilled water, acetone, methanol, 2 N sodium hydroxide, 2 N hydrochloric acid, and ether. Bioassay techniques, using the extracts, showed that composted manure extracts had limited effect on seed germination and seeding development of wheat and sorghum. All the extracts of fresh manure, other than distilled water, retarded germination. Acetic, butyric, propionic, valeric, and isovaleric acids were found in ether extracts of fresh manure at average concentrations of 348, 876, 578, 34, and 19 mug/g, respectively, on a dry-weight basis. However, only trace amounts of these acids were present in composted manure. Propionic acid up to the 200-mug/ml level stimulated seedling growth. Acetic and butyric below the 200-mug/ml level had no detrimental or beneficial effects on seedling development. When acetic, butyric, and propionic acids were mixed in equal parts, germination and seedling growth were reduced at all levels (50 to 500 mug/ml).
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Composted manure extracts had limited effects on wheat germination and seedling development.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- composted manure extractse0
- Outcome
- seed germination and seeding developmente0
- Direction
- limited effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“composted manure extracts had limited effect on seed germination and seeding development of wheat and sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Composted manure extracts had limited effects on sorghum germination and seedling development.
- Treatment
- composted manure extractse0
- Outcome
- seed germination and seeding developmente0
- Direction
- limited effecte0
SorghumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“composted manure extracts had limited effect on seed germination and seeding development of wheat and sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh manure extracts other than water retarded wheat germination.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- extracts of fresh manuree0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- retardede0
- Comparator
- distilled watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All the extracts of fresh manure, other than distilled water, retarded germination”
t0“Germination and Seedling Development”
e1“seed germination and seeding development of wheat and sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh manure extracts other than water retarded sorghum germination.
- Treatment
- extracts of fresh manuree0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- retardede0
- Comparator
- distilled watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All the extracts of fresh manure, other than distilled water, retarded germination”
t0“Germination and Seedling Development”
e1“seed germination and seeding development of wheat and sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Propionic acid up to 200 mug/ml stimulated wheat seedling growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Propionic acid up to the 200-mug/ml levele0
- Outcome
- seedling growthe0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Propionic acid up to the 200-mug/ml level stimulated seedling growth”
t0“Germination and Seedling Development”
e1“seed germination and seeding development of wheat and sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Propionic acid up to 200 mug/ml stimulated sorghum seedling growth.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Propionic acid up to the 200-mug/ml level stimulated seedling growth”
t0“Germination and Seedling Development”
e1“seed germination and seeding development of wheat and sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetic and butyric acids below 200 mug/ml had no beneficial or detrimental effect on wheat seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Acetic and butyric below the 200-mug/ml levele0
- Outcome
- seedling developmente0
- Direction
- no detrimental or beneficial effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Acetic and butyric below the 200-mug/ml level had no detrimental or beneficial effects on seedling development”
t0“Germination and Seedling Development”
e1“seed germination and seeding development of wheat and sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetic and butyric acids below 200 mug/ml had no beneficial or detrimental effect on sorghum seedlings.
- Treatment
- Acetic and butyric below the 200-mug/ml levele0
- Outcome
- seedling developmente0
- Direction
- no detrimental or beneficial effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Acetic and butyric below the 200-mug/ml level had no detrimental or beneficial effects on seedling development”
t0“Germination and Seedling Development”
e1“seed germination and seeding development of wheat and sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
An equal-parts acid mixture reduced wheat germination and seedling growth at 50 to 500 mug/ml.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- acetic, butyric, and propionic acids were mixed in equal partse0
- Outcome
- germination and seedling growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50 to 500 mug/mle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When acetic, butyric, and propionic acids were mixed in equal parts, germination and seedling growth were reduced at all levels (50 to 500 mug/ml)”
t0“Germination and Seedling Development”
e1“seed germination and seeding development of wheat and sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
An equal-parts acid mixture reduced sorghum germination and seedling growth at 50 to 500 mug/ml.
- Treatment
- acetic, butyric, and propionic acids were mixed in equal partse0
- Outcome
- germination and seedling growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50 to 500 mug/mle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When acetic, butyric, and propionic acids were mixed in equal parts, germination and seedling growth were reduced at all levels (50 to 500 mug/ml)”
t0“Germination and Seedling Development”
e1“seed germination and seeding development of wheat and sorghum”
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