Abstract
In northeast Thailand, maize (Zea mays L.) is mainly grown under rainfed conditions.In this region, frequent dry spells are often the cause of periodic drought-stress that leads to decreased yields, especially during the critical growth stages.The objective of the study was to identify and assess variety and cultivation-practice effects on the growth and yield of maize under temporary drought stress induced during the flowering stage.Under controlled soil-moisture conditions, three varieties (Suwan5 -open-pollinating; Big717 and Big949 -single-cross hybrids) and five cultivation practices (conventional (CT); mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilzek) residue (Mn); spineless mimosa (Mimosa invisa) live mulch (Mi); manure (Ma); and plastic mulch (Pl) were studied for two cropping seasons.There were significant variety differences, apparently independent of the cultivation practices.The two hybrid varieties produced significantly higher grain yields than the open-pollinating variety, i.e., Big717 > Big949 > Suwan5.The effects of cultivation practices were less prominent, with the exception of Suwan5, for which Mn, Mi, and Ma significantly reduced grain yields compared to CT and Pl.Big717 showed no significant differences between the treatments; Big949 showed significant treatment response only for the second crop, particularly for the Ma treatment.Overall, the highest average yields were produced by Pl; the lowest by Ma.However, there were no significant differences for the total aboveground biomass between cultivation practices, but between varieties -i.e., Suwan5 and the two hybrids.The two hybrids had clearly higher harvest indexes (HI) than the open pollinating variety.For Suwan5 and Big949 HI was consistently lowest with the Ma treatment.The general trend of the tasseling-silking interval (TSI) was Big949 > Suwan5 > Big717.For Big717, TSI was not affected by any cultivation practices.For the other two varieties, Ma showed longest TSI.Suwan5 grew more vigorously than the other varieties at the early vegetative stage.Within the varieties, the tallest plants were observed with Ma.The effects of cultivation practices on the grain yield were less prominent than the variety effects; in some cases the practices, particularly Ma, even had a negative effect on the yield.Therefore, variety selection is still a potential management tool that can effectively control the effects of drought stress on the plants.It is however highly recommended
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
The hybrid varieties had significantly higher grain yields than Suwan5, ranked Big717 above Big949.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“The two hybrid varieties produced significantly higher grain yields than the open-pollinating variety, i.e., Big717 > Big949 > Suwan5”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn, Mi and Ma significantly reduced Suwan5 grain yields compared with CT and Pl.
- Material
- Suwan5e1
- Treatment
- Mn, Mi, and Mae0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- CT and Ple0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“for which Mn, Mi, and Ma significantly reduced grain yields compared to CT and Pl”
e1“with the exception of Suwan5, for which Mn”
Claim · model-written summary
Big717 showed no significant differences among cultivation treatments.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“Big717 showed no significant differences between the treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Big949 responded significantly to cultivation treatment only in the second crop, particularly Ma.
- Material
- Big949e0
- Treatment
- Ma treatmente0
- Outcome
- treatment responsee0
- Qualifier
- only for the second crope0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“Big949 showed significant treatment response only for the second crop, particularly for the Ma treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic mulch produced the highest average yields.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“the highest average yields were produced by Pl”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure produced the lowest average yields.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“the lowest by Ma”
Claim · model-written summary
Total aboveground biomass did not differ significantly among cultivation practices.
- Treatment
- cultivation practicese0
- Outcome
- total aboveground biomasse0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Comparator
- cultivation practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“there were no significant differences for the total aboveground biomass between cultivation practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Total aboveground biomass differed between Suwan5 and the hybrids.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“but between varieties -i.e., Suwan5 and the two hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
The hybrids had higher harvest indexes than Suwan5.
- Material
- The two hybridse0
- Outcome
- harvest indexese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- open pollinating varietye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“The two hybrids had clearly higher harvest indexes (HI) than the open pollinating variety”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvest index was consistently lowest with manure for Suwan5 and Big949.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“For Suwan5 and Big949 HI was consistently lowest with the Ma treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The tasseling-silking interval ranked Big949 above Suwan5 above Big717.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“The general trend of the tasseling-silking interval (TSI) was Big949 > Suwan5 > Big717”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivation practices did not affect the tasseling-silking interval of Big717.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“For Big717, TSI was not affected by any cultivation practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure gave the longest tasseling-silking interval in the other two varieties.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“For the other two varieties, Ma showed longest TSI”
Claim · model-written summary
Suwan5 grew more vigorously at the early vegetative stage than the other varieties.
- Material
- Suwan5e0
- Organ / stage
- early vegetative stagee0
- Outcome
- grew more vigorouslye0
- Direction
- more vigorouslye0
- Comparator
- other varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“Suwan5 grew more vigorously than the other varieties at the early vegetative stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure produced the tallest plants within varieties.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“Within the varieties, the tallest plants were observed with Ma”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify variety selection as a management tool for controlling drought effects.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“variety selection is still a potential management tool that can effectively control the effects of drought stress on the plants”
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