Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) live in close association with plants and improve their growth. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain FZB42 is a prominent plant root-colonizing bacterium that is able to stimulate the growth of maize. To decipher the molecular cross-talk between B. amyloliquefaciens and crop plants, an exploratory analysis of the effect of seed and root exudates on the transcriptome of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 was performed. Root exudates were collected from maize plants grown in an axenic hydroponic system under nutrient sufficiency or under deficient supply of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe) or potassium (K). An analysis of primary metabolites in the exudates was carried out, compared between treatments, and correlated with the transcriptional profiles of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 that were gained after incubation of the bacterial culture with the root exudates. Higher exudation rates of citrate were found under Fe deficiency and greater release of a-amino butyric acid under P deficiency. Based on a negative correlation observed between the average diffusion coefficient of N, P, K, and Fe in soils and the exudation rates of primary metabolites under conditions of N, P, K, or Fe deficiency, it was hypothesized that the exudation of sugars, amino acids and organic acids may reflect the availability and mobility of plant nutrients in soils. In the presence of seed and root exudates collected from nutrient-sufficient plants, genes involved in spore germination, transport and utilization of nutrients, biosynthesis pathways, multidrug transporters, motility and competence development were differentially expressed. In comparison to P, Fe and K, N-deficient maize root exudates caused a more distinguished change in the transcriptome of bacteria when they were in the logarithmic growth phase. During this growth phase, a number of genes coding for ribosomal proteins were down-regulated by N-deficient maize root exudates, indicating that bacterial activity was repressed. Exclusively in the presence of P-deficient maize root exudates, several genes associated to bacterial motility were induced. Moreover, a gene involved in the biosynthesis of the auxin precursor tryptophan was up-regulated by all deficiency treatments. In the transitional growth phase of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42, several genes were commonly down-regulated in different deficiency treatments. This finding is in agreement with previous studies showing that quorum-sensing and starvation-sensing are integrated to regulate cell entry into the transient phase. Taken together, this is the first study comparing the effect of different nutrient deficiencies on the composition of primary metabolites in root exudates of one plant species and evaluating systematically the transcriptional response of a Gram-positive PGPR to seed and root exudates collected from plants grown under different nutrient regimes. This analysis provides new information about the early communication between plant roots and PGPR and points to involved genes and processes that merit further investigation. Pflanzenwachstumsfordernde Rhizospharenbakterien (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, PGPR) leben in enger Assoziation mit Pflanzen und verbessern deren Wachstum. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 ist ein prominenter Vertreter wurzelkolonisierender Bakterien, die das Wachstum von Maispflanzen stimulieren. Um einen Beitrag zur Aufklarung des molekularen Signalaustausches zwischen Bacillus amyloliquefaciens und Kulturpflanzen zu leisten, wurde der Einfluss von Samen- und Wurzelexsudaten auf die Gesamtheit der exprimierten Gene (Transkriptom) von Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 untersucht. In einer axenischen Nahrlosungskultur wurden Wurzelexsudate von Maispflanzen gesammelt, die unter ausreichender Nahrstoffversorgung oder unter Mangel an Stickstoff (N), Phosphor (P), Eisen (Fe) oder Kalium (K) angezogen wurden. Die gesammelten Exsudate wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Zusammensetzung an primaren Metaboliten charakterisiert und dann in Bezug zu den Transkriptionsprofilen der Bakterien gesetzt. Unter Fe-Mangel kam es zu hoheren Exsudationsraten an Citrat und unter P-Mangel zu verstarkter Abgabe an γ-Aminobuttersaure. Auf Grundlage einer negativen Korrelation zwischen dem durchschnittlichen Diffusionskoeffizienten von N, P, K und Fe in Boden und den Exsudationsraten von Primarmetaboliten unter N-, P-, K- oder Fe-Mangel wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass die Abgabe von Zuckern, Aminosauren und organischen Sauren die Verfugbarkeit und Mobilitat dieser Pflanzenahrstoffe in Boden widerspiegelt. Einige Gene der Sporenbildung und -keimung, des Nahrstofftransportes und Stoffwechsels, verschiedener Biosynthesewege, sowie der Mobilitat und Kompetenzentwicklung waren nach Inkubation der Bakterien mit Samen- oder Wurzelexsudaten differentiell exprimiert, wenn die Pflanzen keinen Nahrstoffmangel hatten. Im Vergleich zu Exsudaten aus P-, Fe- oder K-Mangelpflanzen, fuhrten Exudate von N-Mangelpflanzen zu einer starkeren Veranderung des bakteriellen Transkriptoms, wenn sich die Bakterien in der logarithmischen Wachstumsphase befanden. Wahrend dieser Wachstumsphase wurde durch N-Mangelexsudate eine Vielzahl von Genen reprimiert, die ribosomale Proteine kodieren, wodurch sich andeutet, dass die bakterielle Aktivitat gehemmt wurde. Nur in Gegenwart von P-Mangelexsudaten wurden bakterielle Gene induziert, die mit der Motilitat der Bakterien zusammenhangen. Daruber hinaus wurde durch alle Exsudate von Mangelpflanzen ein Gen induziert, das an der Biosyntheses der Auxinvorstufe Tryptophan beteiligt ist. In der stationaren Wachstumsphase von Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 gab es nur geringe Unterschiede in der Expression von Genen durch die unterschiedlichen Exsudate. Dies ist in Ubereinstimmung mit fruheren Arbeiten, die zeigen, dass ?quorum-sensing? und ?Mangel-sensing? integriert werden, um den Eintritt der Bakterien in die stationare Wachstumsphase einzuleiten. Diese Arbeit vergleicht zum ersten Mal den Einfluss unterschiedlicher Nahrstoffmangelsituationen auf das Profil primarer Metabolite in Wurzelexsudaten in einer Pflanzenart und untersucht systematisch die transkriptionelle Reaktion eines Grampositiven, wachstumsfordernden Bakteriums auf Samen- und Wurzelexsudate von Pflanzen in unterschiedlicher Nahrstoffmangelsituationen. Mit dem Hinweis auf Gene und Prozesse, die am molekularen Signalaustausch zwischen Pflanzenwurzeln und PGPR beteiligt sein konnten, leistet diese Arbeit einen Beitrag zum besseren Verstandnis der moglichen Kommunikation der beiden Partner innerhalb ihrer Assoziation.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Iron deficiency increased maize citrate exudation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim
e0“Higher exudation rates of citrate were found under Fe deficiency”
t0“maize plants grown in an axenic hydroponic system”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus deficiency increased release of a-amino butyric acid.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim
e0“greater release of a-amino butyric acid under P deficiency”
t0“maize plants grown in an axenic hydroponic system”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient diffusion coefficient and primary metabolite exudation were negatively correlated.
- Treatment
- N, P, K, or Fe deficiencye0
- Outcome
- exudation rates of primary metabolitese0
- Direction
- negativee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim
e0“negative correlation observed between the average diffusion coefficient of N, P, K, and Fe in soils and the exudation rates of primary metabolites under conditions of N, P, K, or Fe deficiency”
t0“maize plants grown in an axenic hydroponic system”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient sufficient maize exudates differentially expressed bacterial genes across germination, nutrient use, biosynthesis, transport, motility, and competence functions.
- Outcome
- genes involved in spore germination, transport and utilization of nutrients, biosynthesis pathways, multidrug transporters, motility and competence development were differentially expressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim
e0“In the presence of seed and root exudates collected from nutrient-sufficient plants, genes involved in spore germination, transport and utilization of nutrients, biosynthesis pathways, multidrug transporters, motility and competence development were differentially expressed”
t0“maize plants grown in an axenic hydroponic system”
Claim · model-written summary
N-deficient maize exudates changed the bacterial transcriptome more than P, Fe, or K deficiency during logarithmic growth.
- Treatment
- N-deficient maize root exudatese0
- Outcome
- transcriptome of bacteriae0
- Direction
- more distinguished changee0
- Comparator
- P, Fe and Ke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim
e0“In comparison to P, Fe and K, N-deficient maize root exudates caused a more distinguished change in the transcriptome of bacteria when they were in the logarithmic growth phase”
t0“maize plants grown in an axenic hydroponic system”
Claim · model-written summary
N-deficient maize exudates downregulated bacterial ribosomal protein genes in logarithmic growth.
- Treatment
- N-deficient maize root exudatese0
- Outcome
- genes coding for ribosomal proteinse0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim
e0“a number of genes coding for ribosomal proteins were down-regulated by N-deficient maize root exudates”
t0“maize plants grown in an axenic hydroponic system”
Claim · model-written summary
P-deficient maize exudates induced bacterial motility genes.
- Treatment
- P-deficient maize root exudatese0
- Outcome
- genes associated to bacterial motilitye0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim
e0“Exclusively in the presence of P-deficient maize root exudates, several genes associated to bacterial motility were induced”
t0“maize plants grown in an axenic hydroponic system”
Claim · model-written summary
All deficiency exudates upregulated a bacterial tryptophan biosynthesis gene.
- Treatment
- all deficiency treatmentse0
- Outcome
- a gene involved in the biosynthesis of the auxin precursor tryptophane0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim
e0“a gene involved in the biosynthesis of the auxin precursor tryptophan was up-regulated by all deficiency treatments”
t0“maize plants grown in an axenic hydroponic system”
Claim · model-written summary
Several bacterial genes were commonly downregulated across deficiencies in transitional growth.
- Interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42Bacillus velezensis FZB42e0symbiont
- Outcome
- several genes were commonly down-regulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim
e0“In the transitional growth phase of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42, several genes were commonly down-regulated in different deficiency treatments”
t0“maize plants grown in an axenic hydroponic system”
The same questions in other papers
iron atom · molecular: metabolites · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
This paper is about lacking the nutrient, so it counts the other way round here.
- positive
- positive
- positive
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.