Abstract
This manuscript describes the toxicity of lead in alfalfa plants treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and the phytohormones indole-3-acetic-acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), and kinetin (KN), on catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APOX), and total amylase activity (TAA). In all cases Pb was used at 40 mg/L; EDTA at 0.2 mM (equimolar to Pb); and IAA, GA, and KN at 1, 10, and 100 microM, respectively. An experiment containing Pb at 40 mg/L, 0.2 mM EDTA, and IAA and KN at 100 microM each was performed to determine changes in TAA. A control (plain nutrient solution) also was used for comparison. In all cases the treatments were performed in triplicate. Standard procedures were followed to determine the activity of the respective enzymes. After 10 d of exposure to the treatments, the leaves were harvested, homogenized, and centrifuged, and the supernatants were analyzed for CAT, APOX, and TAA. All determinations were performed in triplicate. The results demonstrated that CAT was reduced significantly (p < 0.05) by all treatments containing Pb, IAA, and GA at 10 and 100 microM. However, only the treatments Pb/EDTA/KN at 1, 10, and 100 microM reduced the APOX. The TAA in leaves of alfalfa plants was increased significantly (p < 0.05) by all treatments. Overall, the results suggest that the CAT tests showed no lead toxicity to the alfalfa seedlings. However IAA at 10 and 100 muM revealed toxicity to the CAT enzyme. In addition, the APOX tests exhibited no toxicity to the peroxidase enzyme with the exception of Pb/EDTA/KN treatments. Finally, the TAA tests showed high Pb/EDTA/phytohormone toxicity to the amylase enzyme in alfalfa seedlings.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Pb-containing treatments significantly reduced CAT activity in alfalfa.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativae0 - Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Treatment
- Pbe1
- Gene
- CATe1
- Outcome
- CATe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- p < 0.05e1
- Comparator
- control (plain nutrient solution)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“toxicity of lead in alfalfa plants treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)”
e1“CAT was reduced significantly (p < 0.05) by all treatments containing Pb, IAA, and GA at 10 and 100 microM”
e2“A control (plain nutrient solution) also was used for comparison”
e3“the leaves were harvested”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA and GA at 10 and 100 microM significantly reduced CAT activity in alfalfa.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Treatment
- IAA, and GA at 10 and 100 microMe1
- Gene
- CATe1
- Outcome
- CATe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- p < 0.05e1
- Comparator
- control (plain nutrient solution)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“toxicity of lead in alfalfa plants treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)”
e1“CAT was reduced significantly (p < 0.05) by all treatments containing Pb, IAA, and GA at 10 and 100 microM”
e2“A control (plain nutrient solution) also was used for comparison”
e3“the leaves were harvested”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb/EDTA/KN at 1, 10 and 100 microM was the only treatment that reduced APOX activity in alfalfa.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Treatment
- Pb/EDTA/KN at 1, 10, and 100 microMe4
- Gene
- APOXe4
- Outcome
- APOXe4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Comparator
- control (plain nutrient solution)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“toxicity of lead in alfalfa plants treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)”
e4“only the treatments Pb/EDTA/KN at 1, 10, and 100 microM reduced the APOX”
e2“A control (plain nutrient solution) also was used for comparison”
e3“the leaves were harvested”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments significantly increased total amylase activity (TAA) in alfalfa leaves.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae5
- Organ / stage
- leavese5
- Treatment
- all treatmentse5
- Gene
- TAAe5
- Outcome
- TAAe5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Qualifier
- p < 0.05e5
- Comparator
- control (plain nutrient solution)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The TAA in leaves of alfalfa plants was increased significantly (p < 0.05) by all treatments”
e2“A control (plain nutrient solution) also was used for comparison”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb/EDTA/phytohormone treatments showed high toxicity to amylase in alfalfa seedlings.
- Taxon
- alfalfa seedlingsMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- Pb/EDTA/phytohormonee0
- Gene
- amylasee0
- Outcome
- toxicitye0
- Direction
- highe0
- Comparator
- control (plain nutrient solution)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the TAA tests showed high Pb/EDTA/phytohormone toxicity to the amylase enzyme in alfalfa seedlings”
e1“A control (plain nutrient solution) also was used for comparison”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead showed no toxicity in the CAT tests of alfalfa seedlings.
- Taxon
- alfalfa seedlingsMedicago sativae6
- Treatment
- leade6
- Gene
- CATe6
- Outcome
- CAT testse6
- Comparator
- control (plain nutrient solution)e2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“the CAT tests showed no lead toxicity to the alfalfa seedlings”
e2“A control (plain nutrient solution) also was used for comparison”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA at 10 and 100 microM showed toxicity to the CAT enzyme in alfalfa.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- IAA at 10 and 100 muMe7
- Gene
- CATe7
- Outcome
- toxicitye7
- Comparator
- control (plain nutrient solution)e2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“toxicity of lead in alfalfa plants treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)”
e7“IAA at 10 and 100 muM revealed toxicity to the CAT enzyme”
e2“A control (plain nutrient solution) also was used for comparison”
Claim · model-written summary
APOX tests showed no toxicity to the peroxidase enzyme in alfalfa, except with Pb/EDTA/KN treatments.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- treatmentse7
- Gene
- peroxidase enzymee7
- Outcome
- toxicitye7
- Qualifier
- with the exception of Pb/EDTA/KN treatmentse7
- Comparator
- control (plain nutrient solution)e2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“toxicity of lead in alfalfa plants treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)”
e7“the APOX tests exhibited no toxicity to the peroxidase enzyme with the exception of Pb/EDTA/KN treatments”
e2“A control (plain nutrient solution) also was used for comparison”
The same questions in other papers
Gibberellic acid · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Medicago sativa (alfalfa)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
lead atom · pest · Medicago sativa (alfalfa)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
lead atom · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Medicago sativa (alfalfa)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
indole-3-acetic acid · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Medicago sativa (alfalfa)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
kinetin · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Medicago sativa (alfalfa)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Medicago sativa (alfalfa)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
class · pest · Medicago sativa (alfalfa)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.