Abstract
Culturing leaf protoplast-derived cells of the embryogenic alfalfa (Medicago sativa subsp. varia A2) genotype in the presence of low (1 microM) or high (10 microM) 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) concentrations results in different cell types. Cells exposed to high 2,4-D concentration remain small with dense cytoplasm and can develop into proembryogenic cell clusters, whereas protoplasts cultured at low auxin concentration elongate and subsequently die or form undifferentiated cell colonies. Fe stress applied at nonlethal concentrations (1 mM) in the presence of 1 microM 2,4-D also resulted in the development of the embryogenic cell type. Although cytoplasmic alkalinization was detected during cell activation of both types, embryogenic cells could be characterized by earlier cell division, a more alkalic vacuolar pH, and nonfunctional chloroplasts as compared with the elongated, nonembryogenic cells. Buffering of the 10 microM 2,4-D-containing culture medium by 10 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid delayed cell division and resulted in nonembryogenic cell-type formation. The level of endogenous indoleacetic acid (IAA) increased transiently in all protoplast cultures during the first 4 to 5 d, but an earlier peak of IAA accumulation correlated with the earlier activation of the division cycle in embryogenic-type cells. However, this IAA peak could also be delayed by buffering of the medium pH by 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid. Based on the above data, we propose the involvement of stress responses, endogenous auxin synthesis, and the establishment of cellular pH gradients in the formation of the embryogenic cell type.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
High 2,4-D produced small, dense embryogenic cells capable of forming proembryogenic clusters.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativat0 - Treatment
- high 2,4-D concentratione0
- Outcome
- proembryogenic cell clusterse0
- Direction
- can develope0
- Comparator
- low auxin concentratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cells exposed to high 2,4-D concentration remain small with dense cytoplasm and can develop into proembryogenic cell clusters, whereas protoplasts cultured at low auxin concentration elongate and subsequently die or form undifferentiated cell colonies.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Low auxin led protoplasts to elongate and then die or form undifferentiated colonies.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- low auxin concentratione0
- Outcome
- elongate and subsequently die or form undifferentiated cell coloniese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protoplasts cultured at low auxin concentration elongate and subsequently die or form undifferentiated cell colonies.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonlethal Fe stress with low 2,4-D induced embryogenic cell type development.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Fe stress applied at nonlethal concentrations (1 mM) in the presence of 1 microM 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- development of the embryogenic cell typee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe stress applied at nonlethal concentrations (1 mM) in the presence of 1 microM 2,4-D also resulted in the development of the embryogenic cell type.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Both cell types underwent cytoplasmic alkalinization during activation.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Outcome
- cytoplasmic alkalinizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cytoplasmic alkalinization was detected during cell activation of both types”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Embryogenic cells divided earlier and had more alkaline vacuoles and nonfunctional chloroplasts than elongated cells.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Outcome
- earlier cell division, a more alkalic vacuolar pH, and nonfunctional chloroplastse0
- Comparator
- elongated, nonembryogenic cellse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“embryogenic cells could be characterized by earlier cell division, a more alkalic vacuolar pH, and nonfunctional chloroplasts as compared with the elongated, nonembryogenic cells.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Buffering the high 2,4-D medium delayed division.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Buffering of the 10 microM 2,4-D-containing culture medium by 10 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acide0
- Outcome
- cell divisione0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Buffering of the 10 microM 2,4-D-containing culture medium by 10 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid delayed cell division and resulted in nonembryogenic cell-type formation.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Buffering the high 2,4-D medium caused nonembryogenic cell formation.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Buffering of the 10 microM 2,4-D-containing culture medium by 10 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acide0
- Outcome
- nonembryogenic cell-type formatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Buffering of the 10 microM 2,4-D-containing culture medium by 10 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid delayed cell division and resulted in nonembryogenic cell-type formation.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Endogenous IAA increased transiently in all cultures during the first four to five days.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Outcome
- level of endogenous indoleacetic acid (IAA)e0
- Direction
- increased transientlye0
- Qualifier
- first 4 to 5 de0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The level of endogenous indoleacetic acid (IAA) increased transiently in all protoplast cultures during the first 4 to 5 d”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Earlier IAA accumulation was associated with earlier cell division in embryogenic cells.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Organ / stage
- embryogenic-type cellse0
- Compound
- IAAe0
- Outcome
- earlier activation of the division cyclee0
- Direction
- earliere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an earlier peak of IAA accumulation correlated with the earlier activation of the division cycle in embryogenic-type cells.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium buffering delayed the IAA peak.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- buffering of the medium pH by 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acide0
- Outcome
- IAA peake0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this IAA peak could also be delayed by buffering of the medium pH by 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid.”
t0“Alfalfa”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.