Abstract
Clubroot is a serious threat to cruciferous crops in Shanghai, China, and Trichoderma harzianum T4 (T4) has shown good efficiency for its control. In this study, T4 was applied alone or in combination with the fungicide cyazofamid or Bacillus subtilis XF-1, respectively, in a pot experiment to determine its efficiency of controlling clubroot. The control efficiency of T4 (79.3%) was significantly higher than that of XF-1 (63.1%, p < .05), and was similar to that of cyazofamid (93.2%, p > .05). Furthermore, T4 could promote the growth of the Chinese cabbage Brassica, particularly with respect to its fresh weight. These results indicated that T4 could be used as a green biofungicide not only to control the incidence of clubroot but also to increase the production of vegetables. The structure of microbial communities changed substantially when T4 was applied to the soil, as revealed by a non-metric multidimensional scaling test. T4 could not only reduce the average abundance of Bacillus sp. and Acidiphilium sp. (terminal restriction fragment 231 (TRF231), the most dominant fragment) but could also increase the average abundance of Streptococcus sp. (TRF307, the second most dominant fragment). Therefore, the high control efficiency of T4 against clubroot results not only from its ability to directly inhibit spore germination of Plasmodiophora brassicae but also from its ability to regulate the microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of B. chinensis, which could then inhibit the growth of P. brassicae in soil indirectly.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum T4 gave higher clubroot control efficiency (79.3%) than XF-1 (63.1%).
- Treatment
- Trichoderma harzianum T4e0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum T4
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- control efficiencye1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 79.3%e1
- Qualifier
- 63.1%, p < .05e1
- Comparator
- XF-1e1
BrassicaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Biocontrol effect ofTrichoderma harzianumT4 on brassica clubroot and analysis of rhizosphere microbial communities based on T-RFLP”
e0“Trichoderma harzianum T4 (T4) has shown good efficiency for its control”
e1“The control efficiency of T4 (79.3%) was significantly higher than that of XF-1 (63.1%, p < .05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum T4 gave clubroot control efficiency similar to cyazofamid (93.2%).
- Treatment
- Trichoderma harzianum T4e0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum T4Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- control efficiencye1
- Direction
- similare2
- Value
- 93.2%e2
- Comparator
- cyazofamide2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Biocontrol effect ofTrichoderma harzianumT4 on brassica clubroot and analysis of rhizosphere microbial communities based on T-RFLP”
e0“Trichoderma harzianum T4 (T4) has shown good efficiency for its control”
e1“The control efficiency of T4 (79.3%) was significantly higher than that of XF-1 (63.1%, p < .05)”
e2“was similar to that of cyazofamid (93.2%, p > .05)”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 promoted the growth of Chinese cabbage, particularly its fresh weight.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbage Brassica
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0 - Treatment
- T4e0
- Interactor
- T4
Tequatrovirus T4e0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- promotee0
- Qualifier
- particularly with respect to its fresh weighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 could promote the growth of the Chinese cabbage Brassica, particularly with respect to its fresh weight”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 reduced the average rhizosphere abundance of Bacillus sp. and Acidiphilium sp.
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus sp.e0other
- Second interactor
- Acidiphilium sp.Acidiphiliume0other
- Outcome
- average abundancee0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Biocontrol effect ofTrichoderma harzianumT4 on brassica clubroot and analysis of rhizosphere microbial communities based on T-RFLP”
e0“T4 could not only reduce the average abundance of Bacillus sp. and Acidiphilium sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 increased the average rhizosphere abundance of Streptococcus sp.
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Interactor
- Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcuse1other - Outcome
- average abundancee1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Biocontrol effect ofTrichoderma harzianumT4 on brassica clubroot and analysis of rhizosphere microbial communities based on T-RFLP”
e0“T4 could not only reduce the average abundance of Bacillus sp. and Acidiphilium sp.”
e1“could also increase the average abundance of Streptococcus sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 application changed the structure of the soil microbial community substantially.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Biocontrol effect ofTrichoderma harzianumT4 on brassica clubroot and analysis of rhizosphere microbial communities based on T-RFLP”
e0“The structure of microbial communities changed substantially when T4 was applied to the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 controls clubroot partly by directly inhibiting spore germination of Plasmodiophora brassicae.
- Interactor
- Plasmodiophora brassicae
.jpg?width=60)
Plasmodiophora brassicaee0pathogen - Second interactor
- T4Tequatrovirus T4e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- spore germinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Biocontrol effect ofTrichoderma harzianumT4 on brassica clubroot and analysis of rhizosphere microbial communities based on T-RFLP”
e0“the high control efficiency of T4 against clubroot results not only from its ability to directly inhibit spore germination of Plasmodiophora brassicae”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 may indirectly inhibit growth of P. brassicae in soil by regulating rhizosphere microbial communities.
- Interactor
- P. brassicaePlasmodiophora brassicaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of P. brassicae in soile0
- Qualifier
- indirectlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Biocontrol effect ofTrichoderma harzianumT4 on brassica clubroot and analysis of rhizosphere microbial communities based on T-RFLP”
e0“which could then inhibit the growth of P. brassicae in soil indirectly”