Abstract
The number of outbreaks and illness linked to the consumption of contaminated salad leaves have increased dramatically in the last decade. Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica are the most common food-borne pathogens linked to consumption of fresh produce. Different serovars of S. enterica subspecies enterica have been shown to bind the surface of salad leaves, to exhibit tropism towards the stomata and to invade leaves and reach the underlying mesophyll. However the consequences of leaf invasion are not known. Here we show that following infiltration, serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Heidelberg and Agona, as well as strains of S. enterica subspecies arizonae and diarizonae, survive in the mesophyll of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves but induce neither leaf chlorosis nor wilting. In contrast, S. Senftenberg induced strong leaf wilting 4 days post infiltration in A. thaliana accession Col-0 but not in accession Ws-0. Dead S. Senftenberg and bacterial lysates also induced leaf wilting. We found that mutations in the Arabidopsis pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognition receptors (PRRs) FLS2, which recognizes flagellin, and EFR, which recognizes the bacterial elongation factor EF-Tu, had no effect on the wilting response of A. thaliana to S. Senftenberg. Infiltration of A. thaliana leaves with serovars Cannstatt, Krefeld and Liverpool, which like Senftenberg belong to Salmonella serogroup E(4) (O:1,3,19), also resulted in rapid leaf wilting, while all tested rough S. Senftenberg strains (lacking the O antigen) failed to elicit leaf wilting. These results suggest that the Salmonella O antigen 1,3,19 specifically triggers leaf chlorosis and wilting in A. thaliana.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Salmonella serovars survive in the mesophyll of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves after infiltration.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Treatment
- infiltratione1
- Interactor
- serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Heidelberg and Agonae1pathogen
- Outcome
- survive in the mesophylle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“following infiltration, serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Heidelberg and Agona, as well as strains of S. enterica subspecies arizonae and diarizonae, survive in the mesophyll of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves but induce neither leaf chlorosis nor wilting”
Claim · model-written summary
The same serovars induced neither leaf chlorosis nor wilting in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Interactor
- serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Heidelberg and Agonae1pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf chlorosis nor wiltinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“following infiltration, serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Heidelberg and Agona, as well as strains of S. enterica subspecies arizonae and diarizonae, survive in the mesophyll of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves but induce neither leaf chlorosis nor wilting”
Claim · model-written summary
Dead S. Senftenberg and bacterial lysates induced leaf wilting in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Dead S. Senftenberg and bacterial lysatese3
- Interactor
- S. Senftenberge3pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf wiltinge3
- Direction
- inducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e3“Dead S. Senftenberg and bacterial lysates also induced leaf wilting”
Claim · model-written summary
S. Senftenberg induced strong leaf wilting 4 days after infiltration in accession Col-0 but not in accession Ws-0.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- accession Col-0e2
- Treatment
- infiltratione2
- Interactor
- S. Senftenberge2pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf wiltinge2
- Direction
- inducede2
- Value
- 4 dayse2
- Comparator
- accession Ws-0e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e2“In contrast, S. Senftenberg induced strong leaf wilting 4 days post infiltration in A. thaliana accession Col-0 but not in accession Ws-0”
Claim · model-written summary
Mutations in the FLS2 and EFR pattern-recognition receptors had no effect on the wilting response to S. Senftenberg.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- mutations in the Arabidopsis pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognition receptors (PRRs) FLS2e4
- Interactor
- S. Senftenberge4pathogen
- Gene
- FLS2e4
- Outcome
- wilting responsee4
- Direction
- no effecte4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e4“We found that mutations in the Arabidopsis pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognition receptors (PRRs) FLS2, which recognizes flagellin, and EFR, which recognizes the bacterial elongation factor EF-Tu, had no effect on the wilting response of A. thaliana to S. Senftenberg”
Claim · model-written summary
Serovars Cannstatt, Krefeld and Liverpool rapidly induced leaf wilting in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Interactor
- serovars Cannstatt, Krefeld and Liverpoole5pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf wiltinge5
- Qualifier
- rapide5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e5“Infiltration of A. thaliana leaves with serovars Cannstatt, Krefeld and Liverpool, which like Senftenberg belong to Salmonella serogroup E(4) (O:1,3,19), also resulted in rapid leaf wilting, while all tested rough S. Senftenberg strains (lacking the O antigen) failed to elicit leaf wilting”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested rough S. Senftenberg strains failed to elicit leaf wilting in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- rough S. Senftenberg strainse5
- Outcome
- leaf wiltinge5
- Qualifier
- lacking the O antigene5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e5“Infiltration of A. thaliana leaves with serovars Cannstatt, Krefeld and Liverpool, which like Senftenberg belong to Salmonella serogroup E(4) (O:1,3,19), also resulted in rapid leaf wilting, while all tested rough S. Senftenberg strains (lacking the O antigen) failed to elicit leaf wilting”
Claim · model-written summary
The Salmonella O antigen 1,3,19 specifically triggers leaf chlorosis and wilting in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorosis and wiltinge6
- Qualifier
- Salmonella O antigen 1,3,19e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e6“These results suggest that the Salmonella O antigen 1,3,19 specifically triggers leaf chlorosis and wilting in A. thaliana”
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