Abstract
BACKGROUND: Tomato fruit ripening is controlled by ethylene and is characterized by a shift in color from green to red, a strong accumulation of lycopene, and a decrease in β-xanthophylls and chlorophylls. The role of other hormones, such as auxin, has been less studied. Auxin is retarding the fruit ripening. In tomato, there is no study of the carotenoid content and related transcript after treatment with auxin. RESULTS: We followed the effects of application of various hormone-like substances to "Mature-Green" fruits. Application of an ethylene precursor (ACC) or of an auxin antagonist (PCIB) to tomato fruits accelerated the color shift, the accumulation of lycopene, α-, β-, and δ-carotenes and the disappearance of β-xanthophylls and chlorophyll b. By contrast, application of auxin (IAA) delayed the color shift, the lycopene accumulation and the decrease of chlorophyll a. Combined application of IAA + ACC led to an intermediate phenotype. The levels of transcripts coding for carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes, for the ripening regulator Rin, for chlorophyllase, and the levels of ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) were monitored in the treated fruits. Correlation network analyses suggest that ABA, may also be a key regulator of several responses to auxin and ethylene treatments. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that IAA retards tomato ripening by affecting a set of (i) key regulators, such as Rin, ethylene and ABA, and (ii) key effectors, such as genes for lycopene and β-xanthophyll biosynthesis and for chlorophyll degradation.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Application of the ethylene precursor ACC to tomato fruits accelerated the colour shift.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Organ / stage
- Mature-Greene2
- Treatment
- ethylene precursor (ACC)e1
- Outcome
- color shifte1
- Direction
- acceleratede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Application of an ethylene precursor (ACC) or of an auxin antagonist (PCIB) to tomato fruits accelerated the color shift”
e2“application of various hormone-like substances to "Mature-Green" fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of ACC to tomato fruits accelerated lycopene accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- ethylene precursor (ACC)e1
- Outcome
- accumulation of lycopenee1
- Direction
- acceleratede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Application of an ethylene precursor (ACC) or of an auxin antagonist (PCIB) to tomato fruits accelerated the color shift, the accumulation of lycopene, α-, β-, and δ-carotenes and the disappearance of β-xanthophylls and chlorophyll b”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of ACC to tomato fruits accelerated the accumulation of alpha-, beta- and delta-carotenes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- ethylene precursor (ACC)e1
- Outcome
- α-, β-, and δ-carotenese1
- Direction
- acceleratede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Application of an ethylene precursor (ACC) or of an auxin antagonist (PCIB) to tomato fruits accelerated the color shift, the accumulation of lycopene, α-, β-, and δ-carotenes and the disappearance of β-xanthophylls and chlorophyll b”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of ACC to tomato fruits accelerated the disappearance of beta-xanthophylls and chlorophyll b.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- ethylene precursor (ACC)e1
- Outcome
- disappearance of β-xanthophylls and chlorophyll be1
- Direction
- acceleratede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Application of an ethylene precursor (ACC) or of an auxin antagonist (PCIB) to tomato fruits accelerated the color shift, the accumulation of lycopene, α-, β-, and δ-carotenes and the disappearance of β-xanthophylls and chlorophyll b”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of the auxin antagonist PCIB to tomato fruits accelerated the colour shift.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- Mature-Greene2
- Treatment
- auxin antagonist (PCIB)e1
- Outcome
- color shifte1
- Direction
- acceleratede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Application of an ethylene precursor (ACC) or of an auxin antagonist (PCIB) to tomato fruits accelerated the color shift”
e2“application of various hormone-like substances to "Mature-Green" fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of PCIB to tomato fruits accelerated lycopene accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- auxin antagonist (PCIB)e1
- Outcome
- accumulation of lycopenee1
- Direction
- acceleratede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Application of an ethylene precursor (ACC) or of an auxin antagonist (PCIB) to tomato fruits accelerated the color shift, the accumulation of lycopene, α-, β-, and δ-carotenes and the disappearance of β-xanthophylls and chlorophyll b”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of PCIB to tomato fruits accelerated the accumulation of alpha-, beta- and delta-carotenes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- auxin antagonist (PCIB)e1
- Outcome
- α-, β-, and δ-carotenese1
- Direction
- acceleratede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Application of an ethylene precursor (ACC) or of an auxin antagonist (PCIB) to tomato fruits accelerated the color shift, the accumulation of lycopene, α-, β-, and δ-carotenes and the disappearance of β-xanthophylls and chlorophyll b”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of PCIB to tomato fruits accelerated the disappearance of beta-xanthophylls and chlorophyll b.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- auxin antagonist (PCIB)e1
- Outcome
- disappearance of β-xanthophylls and chlorophyll be1
- Direction
- acceleratede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Application of an ethylene precursor (ACC) or of an auxin antagonist (PCIB) to tomato fruits accelerated the color shift, the accumulation of lycopene, α-, β-, and δ-carotenes and the disappearance of β-xanthophylls and chlorophyll b”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of auxin (IAA) delayed the colour shift of tomato fruits.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- application of auxin (IAA)e1
- Outcome
- color shifte1
- Direction
- delayede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“By contrast, application of auxin (IAA) delayed the color shift, the lycopene accumulation and the decrease of chlorophyll a”
e2“tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of auxin (IAA) delayed lycopene accumulation in tomato fruits.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- application of auxin (IAA)e1
- Outcome
- lycopene accumulatione1
- Direction
- delayede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“By contrast, application of auxin (IAA) delayed the color shift, the lycopene accumulation and the decrease of chlorophyll a”
e2“tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of auxin (IAA) delayed the decrease of chlorophyll a in tomato fruits.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- application of auxin (IAA)e1
- Outcome
- decrease of chlorophyll ae1
- Direction
- delayede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“By contrast, application of auxin (IAA) delayed the color shift, the lycopene accumulation and the decrease of chlorophyll a”
e2“tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined application of IAA and ACC gave an intermediate phenotype in tomato fruits.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- Combined application of IAA + ACCe1
- Outcome
- phenotypee1
- Direction
- intermediatee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Combined application of IAA + ACC led to an intermediate phenotype”
e2“tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Correlation network analyses suggest that ABA may be a key regulator of several responses to auxin and ethylene treatments in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Compound
- ABAe1
- Outcome
- several responses to auxin and ethylene treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Correlation network analyses suggest that ABA, may also be a key regulator of several responses to auxin and ethylene treatments”
e2“tomato fruits”