Abstract
Worldwide, postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables including citrus have been estimated at 25%, much of which is due to fungal and bacterial infections. In developing countries, postharvest losses are often severe due to the lack of adequate handling and refrigerated storage facilities. Postharvest decay of citrus fruits can be traced to infections that occur either between flowering and fruit maturity or during harvesting and subsequent handling and storage [43]. In the former case, preharvest infections are mainly caused by fungal pathogens such as Phytophthora species, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Botrytis cinerea, Diplodia natalensis, Phomopsis citri, and Alternaria citri. Stem-end infectionscaused by Diplodia, Phomopsis, and Alternaria spp. remain quiescent until the fruit becomes senescent during prolonged storage [43,67]. Infections initiated by Phytophthora species occur during wet periods before harvest, and B. cinerea infections can occur in the orchard and during storage. On the other hand, postharvest infections that occur through surface wounds inflicted during harvest and subsequent handling are mainly caused by wound pathogens such as Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Geotrichum citri-aurantii ( G. candidum), and Trichoderma viride. Among the wound pathogens, green mold (P. digitatum) and blue mold (P. italicum) account for most of the decay of citrus fruits worldwide. Sour rot caused by Geotrichum citri-aurantii is the most rapidly spreading postharvest disease and can be disastrous on fruit stored at temperatures above 10°C. Sour rot is most prevalent on lemon fruit, and the causal yeast-like fungus grows very slowly below 10°C.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables including citrus were estimated at 25%.
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables including citrus have been estimated at 25%”
Claim · model-written summary
Preharvest infections of citrus are mainly caused by listed fungal pathogens.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“preharvest infections are mainly caused by fungal pathogens such as Phytophthora species, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Botrytis cinerea, Diplodia natalensis, Phomopsis citri, and Alternaria citri”
t0“citrus fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem-end infections by Diplodia, Phomopsis and Alternaria remain quiescent until senescence during prolonged storage.
DiplodiaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem-end infectionscaused by Diplodia, Phomopsis, and Alternaria spp. remain quiescent until the fruit becomes senescent during prolonged storage”
t0“citrus fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytophthora infections occur during wet periods before harvest.
- Interactor
- Phytophthora species
Phytophthorae0pathogen - Outcome
- Infectionse0
- Qualifier
- during wet periods before harveste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infections initiated by Phytophthora species occur during wet periods before harvest”
t0“citrus fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Botrytis cinerea infections can occur in orchards and storage.
- Interactor
- B. cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- infectionse0
- Setting
- orcharde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. cinerea infections can occur in the orchard and during storage”
e1“Botrytis cinerea”
t0“citrus fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Wound pathogens are the main causes of citrus postharvest infections through harvest and handling wounds.
- Interactor
- wound pathogense0pathogen
- Outcome
- postharvest infectionse0
- Qualifier
- through surface wounds inflicted during harvest and subsequent handlinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“postharvest infections that occur through surface wounds inflicted during harvest and subsequent handling are mainly caused by wound pathogens such as Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Geotrichum citri-aurantii ( G. candidum), and Trichoderma viride”
t0“citrus fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Green and blue mold account for most citrus decay worldwide.
- Interactor
- P. digitatum
Penicillium digitatume0pathogen - Outcome
- decay of citrus fruitse0
- Qualifier
- worldwidee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“green mold (P. digitatum) and blue mold (P. italicum) account for most of the decay of citrus fruits worldwide”
Claim · model-written summary
Sour rot caused by Geotrichum citri-aurantii spreads most rapidly and can be disastrous above 10°C.
- Interactor
- Geotrichum citri-aurantiiGeotrichum citri-aurantiie0pathogen
- Outcome
- Sour rote0
- Qualifier
- temperatures above 10°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sour rot caused by Geotrichum citri-aurantii is the most rapidly spreading postharvest disease and can be disastrous on fruit stored at temperatures above 10°C”
t0“citrus fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Sour rot is most prevalent on lemon fruit.
- Taxon
- lemon
Citrus ×limone0 - Outcome
- Sour rote0
- Direction
- most prevalente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sour rot is most prevalent on lemon fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
The causal yeast-like fungus grows very slowly below 10°C.
- Taxon
- Geotrichum citri-aurantiiGeotrichum citri-aurantiie1
- Outcome
- growse0
- Direction
- very slowlye0
- Qualifier
- below 10°Ce0
Verbatim
e0“the causal yeast-like fungus grows very slowly below 10°C”
e1“Sour rot caused by Geotrichum citri-aurantii”