Abstract
Field research was conducted for a period of 2 yr to evaluate the response of soybean and cotton to simulated drift rates representing 12.5, 6.3, 3.2, 1.6, and 0.8% of the usage rates of 1,120 g ai/ha glyphosate (140, 70, 35, 18, and 9 g/ha, respectively) and 420 g ai/ha glufosinate (53, 26, 13, 7, and 4 g/ha, respectively). Early-postemergence applications were made to 2- to 3-trifoliate soybean and 2- to 3-leaf cotton, and late applications to soybean at first flower and cotton at early bloom. A mid-postemergence application was also made to cotton at pinhead square (first flower bud development). Soybean and cotton injury and height reductions occurred in most cases for only the two highest rates of the herbicides with variation noted between years. Soybean height was reduced by no more than 11%, regardless of herbicide rate or timing. On the basis of visual injury, soybean was more sensitive to glyphosate than to glufosinate when applied early in 1998, but sensitivity was equal for both the herbicides in 1999. When herbicides were applied late, soybean was more sensitive to glufosinate in the first year. Cotton was more sensitive to glufosinate 7 d after application in both years, regardless of timing, but by 28 d differences between herbicides were less apparent. Cotton maturity was not delayed by either herbicide, on the basis of days to first square or flower and nodes above white flower. Both crops were able to recover rapidly from herbicide injury, and yields were not affected negatively.Nomenclature: Glyphosate; glufosinate; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘DPL 33B’, ‘Paymaster 1560B’, ‘Stoneville 474’, ‘Suregrow 125’, ‘Suregrow 747’; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Asgrow 5959’, ‘Dekalb 5850’, ‘DPL 3588’, ‘Pioneer 9594’, ‘Terral 5893’.Additional index words: Crop injury, herbicide drift, off-target movement.Abbreviations: DAT, days after treatment; NAWF, nodes above white flower.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean height was reduced by no more than 11% regardless of herbicide rate or timing.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- simulated drifte0
- Outcome
- heighte1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- no more than 11%e1
- Qualifier
- regardless of herbicide rate or timinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field research was conducted for a period of 2 yr to evaluate the response of soybean and cotton to simulated drift rates representing 12.5, 6.3, 3.2, 1.6, and 0.8% of the usage rates”
e1“Soybean height was reduced by no more than 11%, regardless of herbicide rate or timing”
Claim · model-written summary
Injury and height reductions in soybean occurred only at the two highest herbicide rates.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- two highest rates of the herbicidese1
- Outcome
- injury and height reductionse1
- Direction
- occurrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field research was conducted for a period of 2 yr to evaluate the response of soybean and cotton to simulated drift rates representing 12.5, 6.3, 3.2, 1.6, and 0.8% of the usage rates”
e1“Soybean and cotton injury and height reductions occurred in most cases for only the two highest rates of the herbicides”
Claim · model-written summary
Injury and height reductions in cotton occurred only at the two highest herbicide rates.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume1 - Treatment
- two highest rates of the herbicidese1
- Outcome
- injury and height reductionse1
- Direction
- occurrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field research was conducted for a period of 2 yr to evaluate the response of soybean and cotton to simulated drift rates representing 12.5, 6.3, 3.2, 1.6, and 0.8% of the usage rates”
e1“Soybean and cotton injury and height reductions occurred in most cases for only the two highest rates of the herbicides”
Claim · model-written summary
Early in 1998, soybean was more sensitive to glyphosate than to glufosinate, based on visual injury.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- glyphosatee2
- Outcome
- visual injurye2
- Direction
- more sensitivee2
- Qualifier
- applied early in 1998e2
- Comparator
- glufosinatee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field research was conducted for a period of 2 yr to evaluate the response of soybean and cotton to simulated drift rates representing 12.5, 6.3, 3.2, 1.6, and 0.8% of the usage rates”
e2“On the basis of visual injury, soybean was more sensitive to glyphosate than to glufosinate when applied early in 1998”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1999, soybean sensitivity was equal for glyphosate and glufosinate.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- both the herbicidese3
- Outcome
- sensitivitye3
- Direction
- equale3
- Qualifier
- in 1999e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field research was conducted for a period of 2 yr to evaluate the response of soybean and cotton to simulated drift rates representing 12.5, 6.3, 3.2, 1.6, and 0.8% of the usage rates”
e2“On the basis of visual injury, soybean was more sensitive to glyphosate than to glufosinate when applied early in 1998”
e3“but sensitivity was equal for both the herbicides in 1999”
Claim · model-written summary
With late applications, soybean was more sensitive to glufosinate in the first year.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- glufosinatee2
- Outcome
- sensitivee2
- Direction
- moree2
- Qualifier
- applied latee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field research was conducted for a period of 2 yr to evaluate the response of soybean and cotton to simulated drift rates representing 12.5, 6.3, 3.2, 1.6, and 0.8% of the usage rates”
e2“When herbicides were applied late, soybean was more sensitive to glufosinate in the first year”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton was more sensitive to glufosinate 7 d after application in both years.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- glufosinatee2
- Outcome
- sensitivee2
- Direction
- moree2
- Qualifier
- 7 d after application in both yearse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field research was conducted for a period of 2 yr to evaluate the response of soybean and cotton to simulated drift rates representing 12.5, 6.3, 3.2, 1.6, and 0.8% of the usage rates”
e2“Cotton was more sensitive to glufosinate 7 d after application in both years, regardless of timing”
Claim · model-written summary
By 28 d, differences in cotton injury between the herbicides were less apparent.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- herbicidese3
- Outcome
- differences between herbicidese3
- Direction
- less apparente3
- Qualifier
- by 28 de3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field research was conducted for a period of 2 yr to evaluate the response of soybean and cotton to simulated drift rates representing 12.5, 6.3, 3.2, 1.6, and 0.8% of the usage rates”
e2“Cotton was more sensitive to glufosinate 7 d after application in both years, regardless of timing”
e3“but by 28 d differences between herbicides were less apparent”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton maturity was not delayed by either herbicide.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- either herbicidee1
- Outcome
- maturitye1
- Direction
- not delayede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field research was conducted for a period of 2 yr to evaluate the response of soybean and cotton to simulated drift rates representing 12.5, 6.3, 3.2, 1.6, and 0.8% of the usage rates”
e1“Cotton maturity was not delayed by either herbicide”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean recovered rapidly from herbicide injury.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- simulated drifte0
- Outcome
- recover rapidly from herbicide injurye2
- Direction
- able to recovere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field research was conducted for a period of 2 yr to evaluate the response of soybean and cotton to simulated drift rates representing 12.5, 6.3, 3.2, 1.6, and 0.8% of the usage rates”
e2“Both crops were able to recover rapidly from herbicide injury, and yields were not affected negatively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton recovered rapidly from herbicide injury.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- simulated drifte0
- Outcome
- recover rapidly from herbicide injurye2
- Direction
- able to recovere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field research was conducted for a period of 2 yr to evaluate the response of soybean and cotton to simulated drift rates representing 12.5, 6.3, 3.2, 1.6, and 0.8% of the usage rates”
e2“Both crops were able to recover rapidly from herbicide injury, and yields were not affected negatively”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yields were not affected negatively by simulated drift.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- simulated drifte0
- Outcome
- yieldse2
- Direction
- not affected negativelye2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field research was conducted for a period of 2 yr to evaluate the response of soybean and cotton to simulated drift rates representing 12.5, 6.3, 3.2, 1.6, and 0.8% of the usage rates”
e2“Both crops were able to recover rapidly from herbicide injury, and yields were not affected negatively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton yields were not affected negatively by simulated drift.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- simulated drifte0
- Outcome
- yieldse2
- Direction
- not affected negativelye2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field research was conducted for a period of 2 yr to evaluate the response of soybean and cotton to simulated drift rates representing 12.5, 6.3, 3.2, 1.6, and 0.8% of the usage rates”
e2“Both crops were able to recover rapidly from herbicide injury, and yields were not affected negatively”
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