Abstract
BACKGROUND: Precision experimental design uses the natural heterogeneity of agricultural fields and combines sensor technology with linear mixed models to estimate the effect of weeds, soil properties and herbicide on yield. These estimates can be used to derive economic thresholds. Three field trials are presented using the precision experimental design in winter wheat. Weed densities were determined by manual sampling and bi-spectral cameras, yield and soil properties were mapped. RESULTS: Galium aparine, other broad-leaved weeds and Alopecurus myosuroides reduced yield by 17.5, 1.2 and 12.4 kg ha(-1) plant(-1) m(2) in one trial. The determined thresholds for site-specific weed control with independently applied herbicides were 4, 48 and 12 plants m(-2), respectively. Spring drought reduced yield effects of weeds considerably in one trial, since water became yield limiting. A negative herbicide effect on the crop was negligible, except in one trial, in which the herbicide mixture tended to reduce yield by 0.6 t ha(-1). Bi-spectral cameras for weed counting were of limited use and still need improvement. Nevertheless, large weed patches were correctly identified. CONCLUSION: The current paper presents a new approach to conducting field trials and deriving decision rules for weed control in farmers' fields.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Galium aparine reduced wheat yield by 17.5 kg ha(-1) plant(-1) m(2).
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Interactor
- Galium aparine
Galium aparinee0weed - Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 17.5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Galium aparine, other broad-leaved weeds and Alopecurus myosuroides reduced yield by 17.5, 1.2 and 12.4 kg ha(-1) plant(-1) m(2) in one trial.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Other broad-leaved weeds reduced wheat yield by 1.2 kg ha(-1) plant(-1) m(2).
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- other broad-leaved weedse0weed
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 1.2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Galium aparine, other broad-leaved weeds and Alopecurus myosuroides reduced yield by 17.5, 1.2 and 12.4 kg ha(-1) plant(-1) m(2) in one trial.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Alopecurus myosuroides reduced wheat yield by 12.4 kg ha(-1) plant(-1) m(2).
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Alopecurus myosuroides
Alopecurus myosuroidese0weed - Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 12.4 kg ha(-1) plant(-1) m(2)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Galium aparine, other broad-leaved weeds and Alopecurus myosuroides reduced yield by 17.5, 1.2 and 12.4 kg ha(-1) plant(-1) m(2) in one trial.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The Galium aparine control threshold was 4 plants m(-2).
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- thresholds for site-specific weed controle0
- Value
- 4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The determined thresholds for site-specific weed control with independently applied herbicides were 4, 48 and 12 plants m(-2), respectively.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The broad-leaved weed control threshold was 48 plants m(-2).
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- thresholds for site-specific weed controle0
- Value
- 48e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The determined thresholds for site-specific weed control with independently applied herbicides were 4, 48 and 12 plants m(-2), respectively.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The Alopecurus control threshold was 12 plants m(-2).
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- thresholds for site-specific weed controle0
- Value
- 12 plants m(-2)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The determined thresholds for site-specific weed control with independently applied herbicides were 4, 48 and 12 plants m(-2), respectively.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring drought considerably reduced weed effects on yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- yield effects of weedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spring drought reduced yield effects of weeds considerably in one trial”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicide mixture tended to reduce wheat yield by 0.6 t ha(-1) in one trial.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- herbicide mixturee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 0.6 t ha(-1)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the herbicide mixture tended to reduce yield by 0.6 t ha(-1)”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Bi-spectral cameras had limited utility for weed counting.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- weed countinge0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bi-spectral cameras for weed counting were of limited use and still need improvement.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Bi-spectral cameras correctly found large weed patches.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- large weed patches were correctly identifiede0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“large weed patches were correctly identified.”
t0“winter wheat”
The same questions in other papers
herbicide · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
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